Reading Comprehension Part 3 (PYQ Civil Services)

Question: Read the following passage; A number of empirical studies find that farmers are risk-averse, though only moderately in many cases. There is also evidence to show that farmer's risk aversion results in cropping patterns and input use designed to reduce risk rather than to maximize income. Farmers adopt a number of strategies to manage and cope with agricultural risks. These include practices like crop and field diversification, non-farm employment, storage of stocks and strategic migration of family members. There are also institutions ranging from share tenancy to kinship, extended family and informal credit agencies. One major obstacle to risk sharing by farmers is that the same type of risks can affect a large number of farmers in the region. Empirical studies show that the traditional methods are not adequate. Hence there is a need for policy interventions, especially measures that cut across geographical regions. Policies may aim at tackling agricultural risks directly or indirectly. Examples of risk-specific policies are crop insurance, price stabilization and the development of varieties resistant to pests and diseases. Policy which affect risk indirectly are irrigation, subsidized credit and access to information. No single risk specific policy is sufficient to reduce risk and is without side-effects, whereas policies not specific to risk influence the general situation and affect risks only indirectly. Crops insurance, as a policy measure to tackle agricultural risk directly, deserves careful consideration in the Indian context and in many other developing countries- because the majority of farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture and in many areas yield variability is the predominant cause of their income instability. Question: Which of the following observations emerges from the above passage? (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

question-read-the-following-passage-a-number-of-empirical-studies-find-that-farmers-are-risk-averse-though-only-moderately-in-many-cases-there-is-also-evidence-to-show-that-farmer-s-risk-aversion-results-in-cropping-patterns-and-input-use-designed-to-reduce-risk-rather-than-to-maximize-income-farmers-adopt-a-number-of-strategies-to-manage-and-cope-with-agricultural-risks-these-include-practices-like-crop-and-field-diversification-non-farm-employment-storage-of-stocks-and-strategic-migration-of-family-members-there-are-also-institutions-ranging-from-share-tenancy-to-kinship-extended-family-and-informal-credit-agencies-one-major-obstacle-to-risk-sharing-by-farmers-is-that-the-same-type-of-risks-can-affect-a-large-number-of-farmers-in-the-region-empirical-studies-show-that-the-traditional-methods-are-not-adequate-hence-there-is-a-need-for-policy-interventions-especially-measures-that-cut-across-geographical-regions-policies-may-aim-at-tackling-agricultural-risks-directly-or-indirectly-examples-of-risk-specific-policies-are-crop-insurance-price-stabilization-and-the-development-of-varieties-resistant-to-pests-and-diseases-policy-which-affect-risk-indirectly-are-irrigation-subsidized-credit-and-access-to-information-no-single-risk-specific-policy-is-sufficient-to-reduce-risk-and-is-without-side-effects-whereas-policies-not-specific-to-risk-influence-the-general-situation-and-affect-risks-only-indirectly-crops-insurance-as-a-policy-measure-to-tackle-agricultural-risk-directly-deserves-careful-consideration-in-the-indian-context-and-in-many-other-developing-countries-because-the-majority-of-farmers-depend-on-rain-fed-agriculture-and-in-many-areas-yield-variability-is-the-predominant-cause-of-their-income-instability-question-which-of-the-following-observations-emerges-from-the-above-passage
Read the following passage; Financial markets in India have acquired greater depth and liquidity over the years. Steady reforms since 1991 have led to growing linkages and integration of the Indian economy and its financial system with the global economy. Weak global economic prospects and continuing uncertainties in the international financial markets therefore, have had their impact on the emerging market economies. Sovereign risk concerns, particularly in the Euro area, affected financial markets for the greater part of the year, with the contagion of Greece's sovereign debt problem spreading to India and other economies by way of higher-than-normal levels of volatility. The funding constraints in international financial markets could impact both the availability and cost of foreign funding for banks and corporates. Since the Indian financial system is bank dominated, banks' ability to withstand stress is critical to overall financial stability. Indian banks, however, remain robust, notwithstanding a decline in capital to risk- weighted assets ratio and a rise in non-performing assets levels in the recent past. Capital adequacy levels remain above the regulatory requirements. The financial market infrastructure continues to function without any major disruption. With further globalization, consolidation, deregulation and diversification of the financial system, the banking business may become more complex and riskier. Issues like risk and liquidity management and enhancing skill therefore assume greater significance. Question; According to the passage, in the Indian financial system bank's ability to withstand stress is critical to ensure overall financial stability because Indian financial system is (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-financial-markets-in-india-have-acquired-greater-depth-and-liquidity-over-the-years-steady-reforms-since-1991-have-led-to-growing-linkages-and-integration-of-the-indian-economy-and-its-financial-system-with-the-global-economy-weak-global-economic-prospects-and-continuing-uncertainties-in-the-international-financial-markets-therefore-have-had-their-impact-on-the-emerging-market-economies-sovereign-risk-concerns-particularly-in-the-euro-area-affected-financial-markets-for-the-greater-part-of-the-year-with-the-contagion-of-greece-s-sovereign-debt-problem-spreading-to-india-and-other-economies-by-way-of-higher-than-normal-levels-of-volatility-the-funding-constraints-in-international-financial-markets-could-impact-both-the-availability-and-cost-of-foreign-funding-for-banks-and-corporates-since-the-indian-financial-system-is-bank-dominated-banks-ability-to-withstand-stress-is-critical-to-overall-financial-stability-indian-banks-however-remain-robust-notwithstanding-a-decline-in-capital-to-risk-weighted-assets-ratio-and-a-rise-in-non-performing-assets-levels-in-the-recent-past-capital-adequacy-levels-remain-above-the-regulatory-requirements-the-financial-market-infrastructure-continues-to-function-without-any-major-disruption-with-further-globalization-consolidation-deregulation-and-diversification-of-the-financial-system-the-banking-business-may-become-more-complex-and-riskier-issues-like-risk-and-liquidity-management-and-enhancing-skill-therefore-assume-greater-significance-question-according-to-the-passage-in-the-indian-financial-system-bank-s-ability-to-withstand-stress-is-critical-to-ensure-overall-financial-stability-because-indian-financial-system-is
Read the following passage: The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes is concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil micro-organisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom- forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild- caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70, 000 km² in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algae blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. Question: According to the passage, what are the effects of indiscriminate use of fertilizers? 1. Addition of pollutants to the soil and water. 2. Destruction of decomposer micro - organisms in soil. 3. Nutrient enrichment of water bodies. 4. Creation of algal blooms. Select the correct answer from the codes given below: (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-the-law-in-many-parts-of-the-world-increasingly-restricts-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-watercourses-the-simplest-and-often-the-most-economically-sound-practice-returns-the-material-to-the-land-as-semisolid-manure-or-as-sprayed-slurry-this-dilutes-is-concentration-in-the-environment-to-what-might-have-occurred-in-a-more-primitive-and-sustainable-type-of-agriculture-and-converts-pollutant-into-fertilizer-soil-micro-organisms-decompose-the-organic-components-of-sewage-and-slurry-and-most-of-the-mineral-nutrients-become-available-to-be-absorbed-again-by-the-vegetation-the-excess-input-of-nutrients-both-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-based-from-agricultural-runoff-and-human-sewage-has-caused-many-healthy-oligotrophic-lakes-low-nutrient-concentrations-low-plant-productivity-with-abundant-water-weeds-and-clear-water-to-change-to-eutrophic-condition-where-high-nutrient-inputs-lead-to-high-phytoplankton-productivity-sometimes-dominated-by-bloom-forming-toxic-species-this-makes-the-water-turbid-eliminates-large-plants-and-in-the-worst-situations-leads-to-anoxia-and-fish-kills-so-called-cultural-eutrophication-thus-important-ecosystem-services-are-lost-including-the-provisioning-service-of-wild-caught-fish-and-the-cultural-services-associated-with-recreation-the-process-of-cultural-eutrophication-of-lakes-has-been-understood-for-some-time-but-only-recently-did-scientists-notice-huge-dead-zones-in-the-oceans-near-river-outlets-particularly-those-draining-large-catchment-areas-such-as-the-mississippi-in-north-america-and-the-yangtze-in-china-the-nutrient-enriched-water-flows-through-streams-rivers-and-lakes-and-eventually-to-the-estuary-and-ocean-where-the-ecological-impact-may-be-huge-killing-virtually-all-invertebrates-and-fish-in-areas-up-to-70-000-km-in-extent-more-than-150-sea-areas-worldwide-are-now-regularly-starved-of-oxygen-as-a-result-of-decomposition-of-algae-blooms-fuelled-particularly-by-nitrogen-from-agricultural-runoff-of-fertilizers-and-sewage-from-large-cities-oceanic-dead-zones-are-typically-associated-with-industrialized-nations-and-usually-lie-off-countries-that-subsidize-their-agriculture-encouraging-farmers-to-increase-productivity-and-use-more-fertilizer-question-according-to-the-passage-what-are-the-effects-of-indiscriminate-use-of-fertilizers-1-addition-of-pollutants-to-the-soil-and-water-2-destruction-of-decomposer-micro-organisms-in-soil-3-nutrient-enrichment-of-water-bodies-4-creation-of-algal-blooms-select-the-correct-answer-from-the-codes-given-below
Read the following passage: The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes is concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil micro-organisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom- forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild- caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70, 000 km² in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algae blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. Question: What is/are the characteristics of a water body with cultural eutrophication? 1. Loss of ecosystem services. 2. Loss of flora and fauna. 3. Loss of mineral nutrients Select the correct answer using the code given below: (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-the-law-in-many-parts-of-the-world-increasingly-restricts-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-watercourses-the-simplest-and-often-the-most-economically-sound-practice-returns-the-material-to-the-land-as-semisolid-manure-or-as-sprayed-slurry-this-dilutes-is-concentration-in-the-environment-to-what-might-have-occurred-in-a-more-primitive-and-sustainable-type-of-agriculture-and-converts-pollutant-into-fertilizer-soil-micro-organisms-decompose-the-organic-components-of-sewage-and-slurry-and-most-of-the-mineral-nutrients-become-available-to-be-absorbed-again-by-the-vegetation-the-excess-input-of-nutrients-both-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-based-from-agricultural-runoff-and-human-sewage-has-caused-many-healthy-oligotrophic-lakes-low-nutrient-concentrations-low-plant-productivity-with-abundant-water-weeds-and-clear-water-to-change-to-eutrophic-condition-where-high-nutrient-inputs-lead-to-high-phytoplankton-productivity-sometimes-dominated-by-bloom-forming-toxic-species-this-makes-the-water-turbid-eliminates-large-plants-and-in-the-worst-situations-leads-to-anoxia-and-fish-kills-so-called-cultural-eutrophication-thus-important-ecosystem-services-are-lost-including-the-provisioning-service-of-wild-caught-fish-and-the-cultural-services-associated-with-recreation-the-process-of-cultural-eutrophication-of-lakes-has-been-understood-for-some-time-but-only-recently-did-scientists-notice-huge-dead-zones-in-the-oceans-near-river-outlets-particularly-those-draining-large-catchment-areas-such-as-the-mississippi-in-north-america-and-the-yangtze-in-china-the-nutrient-enriched-water-flows-through-streams-rivers-and-lakes-and-eventually-to-the-estuary-and-ocean-where-the-ecological-impact-may-be-huge-killing-virtually-all-invertebrates-and-fish-in-areas-up-to-70-000-km-in-extent-more-than-150-sea-areas-worldwide-are-now-regularly-starved-of-oxygen-as-a-result-of-decomposition-of-algae-blooms-fuelled-particularly-by-nitrogen-from-agricultural-runoff-of-fertilizers-and-sewage-from-large-cities-oceanic-dead-zones-are-typically-associated-with-industrialized-nations-and-usually-lie-off-countries-that-subsidize-their-agriculture-encouraging-farmers-to-increase-productivity-and-use-more-fertilizer-question-what-is-are-the-characteristics-of-a-water-body-with-cultural-eutrophication-1-loss-of-ecosystem-services-2-loss-of-flora-and-fauna-3-loss-of-mineral-nutrients-select-the-correct-answer-using-the-code-given-below
Read the following passage: The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes is concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil micro-organisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom- forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild- caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70, 000 km² in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algae blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. Question: The passage refers to the conversion of "pollutant to fertilizer". What is pollutant and what is fertilizer in this context? (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-the-law-in-many-parts-of-the-world-increasingly-restricts-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-watercourses-the-simplest-and-often-the-most-economically-sound-practice-returns-the-material-to-the-land-as-semisolid-manure-or-as-sprayed-slurry-this-dilutes-is-concentration-in-the-environment-to-what-might-have-occurred-in-a-more-primitive-and-sustainable-type-of-agriculture-and-converts-pollutant-into-fertilizer-soil-micro-organisms-decompose-the-organic-components-of-sewage-and-slurry-and-most-of-the-mineral-nutrients-become-available-to-be-absorbed-again-by-the-vegetation-the-excess-input-of-nutrients-both-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-based-from-agricultural-runoff-and-human-sewage-has-caused-many-healthy-oligotrophic-lakes-low-nutrient-concentrations-low-plant-productivity-with-abundant-water-weeds-and-clear-water-to-change-to-eutrophic-condition-where-high-nutrient-inputs-lead-to-high-phytoplankton-productivity-sometimes-dominated-by-bloom-forming-toxic-species-this-makes-the-water-turbid-eliminates-large-plants-and-in-the-worst-situations-leads-to-anoxia-and-fish-kills-so-called-cultural-eutrophication-thus-important-ecosystem-services-are-lost-including-the-provisioning-service-of-wild-caught-fish-and-the-cultural-services-associated-with-recreation-the-process-of-cultural-eutrophication-of-lakes-has-been-understood-for-some-time-but-only-recently-did-scientists-notice-huge-dead-zones-in-the-oceans-near-river-outlets-particularly-those-draining-large-catchment-areas-such-as-the-mississippi-in-north-america-and-the-yangtze-in-china-the-nutrient-enriched-water-flows-through-streams-rivers-and-lakes-and-eventually-to-the-estuary-and-ocean-where-the-ecological-impact-may-be-huge-killing-virtually-all-invertebrates-and-fish-in-areas-up-to-70-000-km-in-extent-more-than-150-sea-areas-worldwide-are-now-regularly-starved-of-oxygen-as-a-result-of-decomposition-of-algae-blooms-fuelled-particularly-by-nitrogen-from-agricultural-runoff-of-fertilizers-and-sewage-from-large-cities-oceanic-dead-zones-are-typically-associated-with-industrialized-nations-and-usually-lie-off-countries-that-subsidize-their-agriculture-encouraging-farmers-to-increase-productivity-and-use-more-fertilizer-question-the-passage-refers-to-the-conversion-of-pollutant-to-fertilizer-what-is-pollutant-and-what-is-fertilizer-in-this-context
Read the following passage; Crude mineral oil comes out of the earth as a thick brown or black liquid with a strong smell. It is a complex mixture of many different substances, each with its own individual qualities. Most of them are combinations of hydrogen and carbon in varying proportions. Such hydrocarbons are also found in other forms such as bitumen, asphalt and natural gas. Mineral oil originates from the carcasses of tiny animals and from plants that live in the sea. Over millions of years, these dead creatures from large deposits under the sea-bed and ocean currents cover them with a blanket of sand and silt. As this mineral hardens, it becomes sedimentary rock and effectively shuts out the oxygen, so preventing the complete decomposition of the marine deposits underneath. The layers of sedimentary rock become thicker and heavier. Their pressure produces heat, which transformers the tiny carcasses into crude oil in a process that is still going on today. Question: Mineral oil deposits under the sea do not get completely decomposed because they (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-crude-mineral-oil-comes-out-of-the-earth-as-a-thick-brown-or-black-liquid-with-a-strong-smell-it-is-a-complex-mixture-of-many-different-substances-each-with-its-own-individual-qualities-most-of-them-are-combinations-of-hydrogen-and-carbon-in-varying-proportions-such-hydrocarbons-are-also-found-in-other-forms-such-as-bitumen-asphalt-and-natural-gas-mineral-oil-originates-from-the-carcasses-of-tiny-animals-and-from-plants-that-live-in-the-sea-over-millions-of-years-these-dead-creatures-from-large-deposits-under-the-sea-bed-and-ocean-currents-cover-them-with-a-blanket-of-sand-and-silt-as-this-mineral-hardens-it-becomes-sedimentary-rock-and-effectively-shuts-out-the-oxygen-so-preventing-the-complete-decomposition-of-the-marine-deposits-underneath-the-layers-of-sedimentary-rock-become-thicker-and-heavier-their-pressure-produces-heat-which-transformers-the-tiny-carcasses-into-crude-oil-in-a-process-that-is-still-going-on-today-question-mineral-oil-deposits-under-the-sea-do-not-get-completely-decomposed-because-they
Read the following passage : The miseries of the world cannot be cured by physical help only. Until man's nature changes, his physical needs will always arise, and miseries will always be felt, and no amount of physical help will remove them completely. The only solution of the problem is to make mankind pure. Ignorance is the mother of evil and of all the misery we see. Let men have light, let them be pure and spiritually, strong and educated; then alone will misery cease in the world. We may convert every house in the country into a charitable asylum, we may fill the land with hospitals, but human misery will continue until man's character changes. Question : With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made : 1. The author gives primary importance to physical and material help in eradicating human misery. 2. Charitable homes, hospitals, etc. can remove human misery to a great extent. Which of the assumptions is/are valid ? (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-the-miseries-of-the-world-cannot-be-cured-by-physical-help-only-until-man-s-nature-changes-his-physical-needs-will-always-arise-and-miseries-will-always-be-felt-and-no-amount-of-physical-help-will-remove-them-completely-the-only-solution-of-the-problem-is-to-make-mankind-pure-ignorance-is-the-mother-of-evil-and-of-all-the-misery-we-see-let-men-have-light-let-them-be-pure-and-spiritually-strong-and-educated-then-alone-will-misery-cease-in-the-world-we-may-convert-every-house-in-the-country-into-a-charitable-asylum-we-may-fill-the-land-with-hospitals-but-human-misery-will-continue-until-man-s-character-changes-question-with-reference-to-the-passage-the-following-assumptions-have-been-made-1-the-author-gives-primary-importance-to-physical-and-material-help-in-eradicating-human-misery-2-charitable-homes-hospitals-etc-can-remove-human-misery-to-a-great-extent-which-of-the-assumptions-is-are-vailid
Read the following passage : Ecological research over the last quarter of the century has established the deleterious effects of habitat fragmentation due to mining, highways and such other intrusions on forests. When a large block of forests gets fragmented into smaller bits, the edges of all these bits come into contact with human activities resulting in the degradation of the entire forests. Continuity of forested landscapes and corridors gets disrupted affecting several extinction- prone species of wildlife. Habitat fragmentation is therefore considered as the most serious threat to biodiversity conservation. Ad hoc grants of forest lands to mining companies coupled with rampant illegal mining is aggravating this threat. Question : What is the purpose of maintaining the continuity of forested landscapes and corridors ? 1. Preservation of biodiversity. 2. Management of mineral resources. 3. Grant of forest lands for human activities. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-ecological-research-over-the-last-quarter-of-the-century-has-established-the-deleterious-effects-of-habitat-fragmentation-due-to-mining-highways-and-such-other-intrusions-on-forests-when-a-large-block-of-forests-gets-fragmented-into-smaller-bits-the-edges-of-all-these-bits-come-into-contact-with-human-activities-resulting-in-the-degradation-of-the-entire-forests-continuity-of-forested-landscapes-and-corridors-gets-disrupted-affecting-several-extinction-prone-species-of-wildlife-habitat-fragmentation-is-therefore-considered-as-the-most-serious-threat-to-biodiversity-conservation-ad-hoc-grants-of-forest-lands-to-mining-companies-coupled-with-rampant-illegal-mining-is-aggravating-this-threat-question-what-is-the-purpose-of-maintaining-the-continuity-of-forested-landscapes-and-corridors-1-preservations-of-biodiversity-2-management-of-mineral-resources-3-grant-of-forest-lands-for-human-activities-select-the-correct-answer-using-the-codes-given-below
Read the following Passage : Ecological research over the last quarter of the century has established the deleterious effects of habitat fragmentation due to mining, highways and such other intrusions on forests. When a large block of forests gets fragmented into smaller bits, the edges of all these bits come into contact with human activities resulting in the degradation of the entire forests. Continuity of forested landscapes and corridors gets disrupted affecting several extinction- prone species of wildlife. Habitat fragmentation is therefore considered as the most serious threat to biodiversity conservation. Ad hoc grants of forest lands to mining companies coupled with rampant illegal mining is aggravating this threat. Question: What is the central focus of this passage? (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passagel-ecological-research-over-the-last-quarter-of-the-century-has-established-the-deleterious-effects-of-habitat-fragmentation-due-to-mining-highways-and-such-other-intrusions-on-forests-when-a-large-block-of-forests-gets-fragmented-into-smaller-bits-the-edges-of-all-these-bits-come-into-contact-with-human-activities-resulting-in-the-degradation-of-the-entire-forests-continuity-of-forested-landscapes-and-corridors-gets-disrupted-affecting-several-extinction-prone-species-of-wildlife-habitat-fragmentation-is-therefore-considered-as-the-most-serious-threat-to-biodiversity-conservation-ad-hoc-grants-of-forest-lands-to-mining-companies-coupled-with-rampant-illegal-mining-is-aggravating-this-threat-question-what-is-the-central-focus-of-this-passage
Read the following passage : A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for foot-passengers, but she replied. "I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now." It did not occur to the dear lady that if liberty entitled the foot-passenger to walk down the middle of the road it also entitled the taxi-driver to drive on the pavement, and that the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everything would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy. Question : The lady refused to move from the middle of the street because : (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-a-stout-old-lady-was-walking-with-her-basket-down-the-middle-of-a-street-in-petrograd-to-the-great-confusion-of-the-traffic-and-no-small-peril-to-herself-it-was-pointed-out-to-her-that-the-pavement-was-the-place-for-foot-passengers-but-she-replied-i-m-going-to-walk-where-i-like-we-ve-got-liberty-now-it-did-not-occur-to-the-dear-lady-that-if-liberty-entitled-the-foot-passenger-to-walk-down-the-middle-of-the-road-it-also-entitled-the-taxi-driver-to-drive-on-the-pavement-and-that-the-end-of-such-liberty-would-be-universal-chaos-everything-would-be-getting-in-everybody-else-s-way-and-nobody-would-get-anywhere-individual-liberty-would-have-become-social-anarchy-question-the-lady-refused-to-move-from-the-middle-of-the-street-because
Read the following passage : A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for foot-passengers, but she replied. "I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now." It did not occur to the dear lady that if liberty entitled the foot-passenger to walk down the middle of the road it also entitled the taxi-driver to drive on the pavement, and that the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everything would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy. Question: It was pointed out to the lady that she should walk on the pavement because she was: (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-a-stout-old-lady-was-walking-with-her-basket-down-the-middle-of-a-street-in-petrograd-to-the-great-confusion-of-the-traffic-and-no-small-peril-to-herself-it-was-pointed-out-to-her-that-the-pavement-was-the-place-for-foot-passengers-but-she-replied-i-m-going-to-walk-where-i-like-we-ve-got-liberty-now-it-did-not-occur-to-the-dear-lady-that-if-liberty-entitled-the-foot-passenger-to-walk-down-the-middle-of-the-road-it-also-entitled-the-taxi-driver-to-drive-on-the-pavement-and-that-the-end-of-such-liberty-would-be-universal-chaos-everything-would-be-getting-in-everybody-else-s-way-and-nobody-would-get-anywhere-individual-liberty-would-have-become-social-anarchy-question-it-was-pointed-out-to-the-lady-that-she-should-walk-on-the-pavement-because-she-was
Read the following passage : It was already late when we set out for the next town, which according to the map was about fifteen kilometers away on the other side of the hills. There we felt that we would find a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met no one as we drove swiftly along the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my companion, to drive more slowly. After we had travelled for about twenty kilometers, there was still no sign of the town which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get worried. Then without warning, the car stopped and we found we had run out of petrol. Question : The travelers were worried after twenty kilometers because : (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-it-was-already-late-when-we-set-out-for-the-next-town-which-according-to-the-map-was-about-fifteen-kilometers-away-on-the-other-side-of-the-hills-there-we-felt-that-we-would-find-a-bed-for-the-night-darkness-fell-soon-after-we-left-the-village-but-luckily-we-met-no-one-as-we-drove-swiftly-along-the-narrow-winding-road-that-led-to-the-hills-as-we-climbed-higher-it-became-colder-and-rain-began-to-fall-making-it-difficult-at-times-to-see-the-road-i-asked-john-my-companion-to-drive-more-slowly-after-we-had-travelled-for-about-twenty-kilometers-there-was-still-no-sign-of-the-town-which-was-marked-on-the-map-we-were-beginning-to-get-worried-then-without-warning-the-car-stopped-and-we-found-we-had-run-out-of-petrol-question-the-travelers-were-worried-after-twenty-kilometers-because
Read the following passage : It was already late when we set out for the next town, which according to the map was about fifteen kilometers away on the other side of the hills. There we felt that we would find a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met no one as we drove swiftly along the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my companion, to drive more slowly. After we had travelled for about twenty kilometers, there was still no sign of the town which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get worried. Then without warning, the car stopped and we found we had run out of petrol. Question : The author asked John to drive more slowly because (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-it-was-already-late-when-we-set-out-for-the-next-town-which-according-to-the-map-was-about-fifteen-kilometers-away-on-the-other-side-of-the-hills-there-we-felt-that-we-would-find-a-bed-for-the-night-darkness-fell-soon-after-we-left-the-village-but-luckily-we-met-no-one-as-we-drove-swiftly-along-the-narrow-winding-road-that-led-to-the-hills-as-we-climbed-higher-it-became-colder-and-rain-began-to-fall-making-it-difficult-at-times-to-see-the-road-i-asked-john-my-companion-to-drive-more-slowly-after-we-had-travelled-for-about-twenty-kilometers-there-was-still-no-sign-of-the-town-which-was-marked-on-the-map-we-were-beginning-to-get-worried-then-without-warning-the-car-stopped-and-we-found-we-had-run-out-of-petrol-question-the-author-asked-john-to-drive-more-slowly-because
Read the following passage : Seven-year-old Jim came home from the park without his new bicycle. "An old man and a little boy borrowed it," he explained. "They are going to bring it back at four o'clock." His parents were upset that he had given his expensive new bicycle, but were secretly proud of his kindness and faith. Came four o'clock, no bicycle. The parents were anxious. But at 4:30, the door bell rang, and there stood a happy man and a boy, with the bicycle and a box of chocolates. Jim suddenly disappeared into his bedroom, and then came running out. "All right," he said, after examining the bicycle. "You can have your watch back! Question : When Jim came home without his bicycle, his parents (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)

read-the-following-passage-seven-year-old-jim-came-home-from-the-park-without-his-new-bicycle-an-old-man-and-a-little-boy-borrowed-it-he-explained-they-are-going-to-bring-it-back-at-four-o-clock-his-parents-were-upset-that-he-had-given-his-expensive-new-bicycle-but-were-secretly-proud-of-his-kindness-and-faith-came-four-o-clock-no-bicycle-the-parents-were-anxious-but-at-4-30-the-door-bell-rang-and-there-stood-a-happy-man-and-a-boy-with-the-bicycle-and-a-box-of-chocolates-jim-suddenly-disappeared-into-his-bedroom-and-then-came-running-out-all-right-he-said-after-examining-the-bicycle-you-can-have-your-watch-back-question-when-jim-came-home-without-his-bicycle-his-parents