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Reading Comprehension Part 2
Reading Comprehension Part 2
Q:Which one of the following statements best reflects the crux of the passage?
read-the-following-three-passages-and-answer-to-these-items-that-follow-the-passages-your-answer-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passages-only-1-passage-1-in-india-the-segregation-of-municipal-waste-at-source-is-rare-recycling-is-mostly-with-the-informal-sector-more-than-three-fourths-of-the-municipal-budget-goes-into-collection-and-transportation-which-leaves-very-little-for-processing-resource-recovery-and-disposal-where-does-waste-to-energy-fit-into-all-this-ideally-it-fits-in-the-chain-after-segregation-between-wet-waste-and-the-rest-collection-recycling-and-before-getting-to-the-landfill-which-technology-is-most-appropriate-in-converting-waste-to-energy-depends-on-what-is-in-the-waste-that-is-biodegradable-versus-non-biodegradable-component-and-its-calorific-value-the-biodegradable-component-of-india-s-municipal-solid-waste-is-a-little-over-50-per-cent-and-biomethanation-offers-a-major-solution-for-processing-this-which-one-of-the-following-statements-best-reflects-the-crux-of-the-passage
Read the following passage A number of empirical studies find that farmers are risk-averse, though only moderately in many cases. There is also evidence to show that farmer's risk aversion results in cropping patterns and input use designed to reduce risk rather than to maximize income. Farmers adopt a number of strategies to manage and cope with agricultural risks. These include practices like crop and field diversification, non-farm employment, storage of stocks and strategic migration of family members. There are also institutions ranging from share tenancy to kinship, extended family and informal credit agencies. One major obstacle to risk sharing by farmers is that the same type of risks can affect a large number of farmers in the region. Empirical studies show that the traditional methods are not adequate. Hence there is a need for policy interventions, especially measures that cut across geographical regions. Policies may aim at tackling agricultural risks directly or indirectly. Examples of risk-specific policies are crop insurance, price stabilization and the development of varieties resistant to pests and diseases. Policy which affect risk indirectly are irrigation, subsidized credit and access to information. No single risk specific policy is sufficient to reduce risk and is without side-effects, whereas policies not specific to risk influence the general situation and affect risks only indirectly. Crops insurance, as a policy measure to tackle agricultural risk directly, deserves careful consideration in the Indian context and in many other developing countries- because the majority of farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture and in many areas yield variability is the predominant cause of their income instability. Question: The need for policy intervention to mitigate risks in agriculture is because (Civil Services Preliminary 2013)
read-the-following-passage-a-number-of-empirical-studies-find-that-farmers-are-risk-averse-though-only-moderately-in-many-cases-there-is-also-evidence-to-show-that-farmer-s-risk-aversion-results-in-cropping-patterns-and-input-use-designed-to-reduce-risk-rather-than-to-maximize-income-farmers-adopt-a-number-of-strategies-to-manage-and-cope-with-agricultural-risks-these-include-practices-like-crop-and-field-diversification-non-farm-employment-storage-of-stocks-and-strategic-migration-of-family-members-there-are-also-institutions-ranging-from-share-tenancy-to-kinship-extended-family-and-informal-credit-agencies-one-major-obstacle-to-risk-sharing-by-farmers-is-that-the-same-type-of-risks-can-affect-a-large-number-of-farmers-in-the-region-empirical-studies-show-that-the-traditional-methods-are-not-adequate-hence-there-is-a-need-for-policy-interventions-especially-measures-that-cut-across-geographical-regions-policies-may-aim-at-tackling-agricultural-risks-directly-or-indirectly-examples-of-risk-specific-policies-are-crop-insurance-price-stabilization-and-the-development-of-varieties-resistant-to-pests-and-diseases-policy-which-affect-risk-indirectly-are-irrigation-subsidized-credit-and-access-to-information-no-single-risk-specific-policy-is-sufficient-to-reduce-risk-and-is-without-side-effects-whereas-policies-not-specific-to-risk-influence-the-general-situation-and-affect-risks-only-indirectly-crops-insurance-as-a-policy-measure-to-tackle-agricultural-risk-directly-deserves-careful-consideration-in-the-indian-context-and-in-many-other-developing-countries-because-the-majority-of-farmers-depend-on-rain-fed-agriculture-and-in-many-areas-yield-variability-is-the-predominant-cause-of-their-income-instability-question-the-need-for-policy-intervention-to-mitigate-risks-in-agriculture-is-because
Read the following passage: Financial markets in India have acquired greater depth and liquidity over the years. Steady reforms since 1991 have led to growing linkages and integration of the Indian economy and its financial system with the global economy. Weak global economic prospects and continuing uncertainties in the international financial markets therefore, have had their impact on the emerging market economies. Sovereign risk concerns, particularly in the Euro area, affected financial markets for the greater part of the year, with the contagion of Greece's sovereign debt problem spreading to India and other economies by way of higher-than-normal levels of volatility. The funding constraints in international financial markets could impact both the availability and cost of foreign funding for banks and corporates. Since the Indian financial system is bank dominated, banks' ability to withstand stress is critical to overall financial stability. Indian banks, however, remain robust, notwithstanding a decline in capital to risk- weighted assets ratio and a rise in non-performing assets levels in the recent past. Capital adequacy levels remain above the regulatory requirements. The financial market infrastructure continues to function without any major disruption. With further globalization, consolidation, deregulation and diversification of the financial system, the banking business may become more complex and riskier. Issues like risk and liquidity management and enhancing skill therefore assume greater significance. Question; According to the passage, the financial markets in the emerging market economies including India had the adverse impact in recent years due to 1.Weak global economic prospects. 2.Uncertainties in the international financial markets. 3.Sovereign risk concerns in the Euro area. 4.Bad monsoons and the resultant crop loss. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
read-the-following-passage-financial-markets-in-india-have-acquired-greater-depth-and-liquidity-over-the-years-steady-reforms-since-1991-have-led-to-growing-linkages-and-integration-of-the-indian-economy-and-its-financial-system-with-the-global-economy-weak-global-economic-prospects-and-continuing-uncertainties-in-the-international-financial-markets-therefore-have-had-their-impact-on-the-emerging-market-economies-sovereign-risk-concerns-particularly-in-the-euro-area-affected-financial-markets-for-the-greater-part-of-the-year-with-the-contagion-of-greece-s-sovereign-debt-problem-spreading-to-india-and-other-economies-by-way-of-higher-than-normal-levels-of-volatility-the-funding-constraints-in-international-financial-markets-could-impact-both-the-availability-and-cost-of-foreign-funding-for-banks-and-corporates-since-the-indian-financial-system-is-bank-dominated-banks-ability-to-withstand-stress-is-critical-to-overall-financial-stability-indian-banks-however-remain-robust-notwithstanding-a-decline-in-capital-to-risk-weighted-assets-ratio-and-a-rise-in-non-performing-assets-levels-in-the-recent-past-capital-adequacy-levels-remain-above-the-regulatory-requirements-the-financial-market-infrastructure-continues-to-function-without-any-major-disruption-with-further-globalization-consolidation-deregulation-and-diversification-of-the-financial-system-the-banking-business-may-become-more-complex-and-riskier-issues-like-risk-and-liquidity-management-and-enhancing-skill-therefore-assume-greater-significance-question-according-to-the-passage-the-financial-markets-in-the-emerging-market-economies-including-india-had-the-adverse-impact-in-recent-years-due-to-1-weak-global-economic-prospects-2-uncertainties-in-the-international-financial-markets-3-sovereign-risk-concerns-in-the-euro-area-4-bad-monsoons-and-the-resultant-crop-loss-select-the-correct-answer-using-the-code-given-below
Read the following passage: The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes is concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil micro-organisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom- forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild- caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70, 000 km² in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algae blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. Question: According to the passage, why should the discharge of agricultural slurry into water- courses be restricted? 1.Losing nutrients in this way is not a good practice economically. 2.Watercourses do not contain the micro- organisms that can decompose organic components of agricultural slurry. 3.The discharge may lead to the eutrophication of water bodies.
read-the-following-passage-the-law-in-many-parts-of-the-world-increasingly-restricts-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-watercourses-the-simplest-and-often-the-most-economically-sound-practice-returns-the-material-to-the-land-as-semisolid-manure-or-as-sprayed-slurry-this-dilutes-is-concentration-in-the-environment-to-what-might-have-occurred-in-a-more-primitive-and-sustainable-type-of-agriculture-and-converts-pollutant-into-fertilizer-soil-micro-organisms-decompose-the-organic-components-of-sewage-and-slurry-and-most-of-the-mineral-nutrients-become-available-to-be-absorbed-again-by-the-vegetation-the-excess-input-of-nutrients-both-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-based-from-agricultural-runoff-and-human-sewage-has-caused-many-healthy-oligotrophic-lakes-low-nutrient-concentrations-low-plant-productivity-with-abundant-water-weeds-and-clear-water-to-change-to-eutrophic-condition-where-high-nutrient-inputs-lead-to-high-phytoplankton-productivity-sometimes-dominated-by-bloom-forming-toxic-species-this-makes-the-water-turbid-eliminates-large-plants-and-in-the-worst-situations-leads-to-anoxia-and-fish-kills-so-called-cultural-eutrophication-thus-important-ecosystem-services-are-lost-including-the-provisioning-service-of-wild-caught-fish-and-the-cultural-services-associated-with-recreation-the-process-of-cultural-eutrophication-of-lakes-has-been-understood-for-some-time-but-only-recently-did-scientists-notice-huge-dead-zones-in-the-oceans-near-river-outlets-particularly-those-draining-large-catchment-areas-such-as-the-mississippi-in-north-america-and-the-yangtze-in-china-the-nutrient-enriched-water-flows-through-streams-rivers-and-lakes-and-eventually-to-the-estuary-and-ocean-where-the-ecological-impact-may-be-huge-killing-virtually-all-invertebrates-and-fish-in-areas-up-to-70-000-km-in-extent-more-than-150-sea-areas-worldwide-are-now-regularly-starved-of-oxygen-as-a-result-of-decomposition-of-algae-blooms-fuelled-particularly-by-nitrogen-from-agricultural-runoff-of-fertilizers-and-sewage-from-large-cities-oceanic-dead-zones-are-typically-associated-with-industrialized-nations-and-usually-lie-off-countries-that-subsidize-their-agriculture-encouraging-farmers-to-increase-productivity-and-use-more-fertilizer-question-according-to-the-passage-why-should-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-water-courses-be-restricted-1-losing-nutrients-in-this-way-is-not-a-good-practice-economically-2-watercourses-do-not-contain-the-micro-organisms-that-can-decompose-organic-components-of-agricultural-slurry-3-the-discharge-may-lead-to-the-eutrophication-of-water-bodies
Read the following passage: The law in many parts of the world increasingly restricts the discharge of agricultural slurry into watercourses. The simplest and often the most economically sound practice returns the material to the land as semisolid manure or as sprayed slurry. This dilutes is concentration in the environment to what might have occurred in a more primitive and sustainable type of agriculture and converts pollutant into fertilizer. Soil micro-organisms decompose the organic components of sewage and slurry and most of the mineral nutrients become available to be absorbed again by the vegetation. The excess input of nutrients, both nitrogen and phosphorus based, from agricultural runoff (and human sewage) has caused many 'healthy' oligotrophic lakes (low nutrient concentrations, low plant productivity with abundant water weeds, and clear water) to change to eutrophic condition where high nutrient inputs lead to high phytoplankton productivity (sometimes dominated by bloom- forming toxic species). This makes the water turbid, eliminates large plants and, in the worst situations, leads to anoxia and fish kills; so called cultural eutrophication. Thus, important ecosystem services are lost, including the provisioning service of wild- caught fish and the cultural services associated with recreation. The process of cultural eutrophication of lakes has been understood for some time. But only recently did scientists notice huge 'dead zones' in the oceans near river outlets, particularly those draining large catchment areas such as the Mississippi in North America and the Yangtze in China. The nutrient- enriched water flows through streams, rivers and lakes and eventually to the estuary and ocean where the ecological impact may be huge, killing virtually all invertebrates and fish in areas up to 70, 000 km² in extent. More than 150 sea areas worldwide are now regularly starved of oxygen as a result of decomposition of algae blooms, fuelled particularly by nitrogen from agricultural runoff of fertilizers and sewage from large cities. Oceanic dead zones are typically associated with industrialized nations and usually lie off countries that subsidize their agriculture, encouraging farmers to increase productivity and use more fertilizer. Question : What is the central theme of this passage ?
read-the-following-passage-the-law-in-many-parts-of-the-world-increasingly-restricts-the-discharge-of-agricultural-slurry-into-watercourses-the-simplest-and-often-the-most-economically-sound-practice-returns-the-material-to-the-land-as-semisolid-manure-or-as-sprayed-slurry-this-dilutes-is-concentration-in-the-environment-to-what-might-have-occurred-in-a-more-primitive-and-sustainable-type-of-agriculture-and-converts-pollutant-into-fertilizer-soil-micro-organisms-decompose-the-organic-components-of-sewage-and-slurry-and-most-of-the-mineral-nutrients-become-available-to-be-absorbed-again-by-the-vegetation-the-excess-input-of-nutrients-both-nitrogen-and-phosphorus-based-from-agricultural-runoff-and-human-sewage-has-caused-many-healthy-oligotrophic-lakes-low-nutrient-concentrations-low-plant-productivity-with-abundant-water-weeds-and-clear-water-to-change-to-eutrophic-condition-where-high-nutrient-inputs-lead-to-high-phytoplankton-productivity-sometimes-dominated-by-bloom-forming-toxic-species-this-makes-the-water-turbid-eliminates-large-plants-and-in-the-worst-situations-leads-to-anoxia-and-fish-kills-so-called-cultural-eutrophication-thus-important-ecosystem-services-are-lost-including-the-provisioning-service-of-wild-caught-fish-and-the-cultural-services-associated-with-recreation-the-process-of-cultural-eutrophication-of-lakes-has-been-understood-for-some-time-but-only-recently-did-scientists-notice-huge-dead-zones-in-the-oceans-near-river-outlets-particularly-those-draining-large-catchment-areas-such-as-the-mississippi-in-north-america-and-the-yangtze-in-china-the-nutrient-enriched-water-flows-through-streams-rivers-and-lakes-and-eventually-to-the-estuary-and-ocean-where-the-ecological-impact-may-be-huge-killing-virtually-all-invertebrates-and-fish-in-areas-up-to-70-000-km-in-extent-more-than-150-sea-areas-worldwide-are-now-regularly-starved-of-oxygen-as-a-result-of-decomposition-of-algae-blooms-fuelled-particularly-by-nitrogen-from-agricultural-runoff-of-fertilizers-and-sewage-from-large-cities-oceanic-dead-zones-are-typically-associated-with-industrialized-nations-and-usually-lie-off-countries-that-subsidize-their-agriculture-encouraging-farmers-to-increase-productivity-and-use-more-fertilizer-question-what-is-the-central-theme-of-this-passage
Read the following passage: It was already late when we set out for the next town, which according to the map was about fifteen kilometers away on the other side of the hills. There we felt that we would find a bed for the night. Darkness fell soon after we left the village, but luckily we met no one as we drove swiftly along the narrow winding road that led to the hills. As we climbed higher, it became colder and rain began to fall, making it difficult at times to see the road. I asked John, my companion, to drive more slowly. After we had travelled for about twenty kilometers, there was still no sign of the town which was marked on the map. We were beginning to get worried. Then without warning, the car stopped and we found we had run out of petrol. Question : The travelers set out for the town although it was getting dark because :(Civil Services Preliminary 2013)
read-the-following-passage-it-was-already-late-when-we-set-out-for-the-next-town-which-according-to-the-map-was-about-fifteen-kilometers-away-on-the-other-side-of-the-hills-there-we-felt-that-we-would-find-a-bed-for-the-night-darkness-fell-soon-after-we-left-the-village-but-luckily-we-met-no-one-as-we-drove-swiftly-along-the-narrow-winding-road-that-led-to-the-hills-as-we-climbed-higher-it-became-colder-and-rain-began-to-fall-making-it-difficult-at-times-to-see-the-road-i-asked-john-my-companion-to-drive-more-slowly-after-we-had-travelled-for-about-twenty-kilometers-there-was-still-no-sign-of-the-town-which-was-marked-on-the-map-we-were-beginning-to-get-worried-then-without-warning-the-car-stopped-and-we-found-we-had-run-out-of-petrol-question-the-travelers-set-out-for-the-town-although-it-was-getting-dark-because
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: Which is the major pitfall of the present education system?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-which-is-the-major-pitfall-of-the-present-education-system
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: Which word is nearly same in meaning as 'defile' as used in the passage?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-which-word-is-nearly-same-in-meaning-as-defile-as-used-in-the-passage
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: What should be the ultimate objective of political education?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-what-should-be-the-ultimate-objective-of-political-education
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: According to the passage, what is the main contribution of Mahatma Gandhi to the field of political education?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-according-to-the-passage-what-is-the-main-contribution-of-mahatma-gandhi-to-the-field-of-political-education
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: What was the policy of the ruling party regarding political education immediately after independence?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-what-was-the-policy-of-the-ruling-party-regarding-political-education-immediately-after-independence
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: Which of the following statements is not true?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-which-of-the-following-statements-is-not-true
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: How has politics been related to educational institutions after independence?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-how-has-politics-been-related-to-educational-institutions-after-independence
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: According to the passage, political education in the real sense should
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-according-to-the-passage-political-education-in-the-real-sense-should
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: Which is the most opposite in meaning to the word 'hamper' as used in the passage?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-which-is-the-most-opposite-in-meaning-to-the-word-hamper-as-used-in-the-passage
Directions : Read the passage given below and answer the questions that follow by choosing the correct/most appropriate options. Political education may be defined as the preparation of a citizen to take well informed, responsible and sustained action for participation in the national struggle for the realization of the socio-economic objectives of the country. The overriding socio-economic objectives in India are the abolition of poverty and the creation of a modern democratic, secular and socialist, society in place of the present traditional feudal, hierarchical and in egalitarian one. Under the British rule, the Congress leaders argued that political education was an important part of education and refused to accept the official view that education and politics should not be mixed with one another. But when they came to power in 1947 they almost adopted the British policy and began to talk of education being defiled by politics. 'Hands off education' was the call to political parties. But inspite of it, political infiltration into the educational system has greatly increased in the sense that different political parties vie with each other to capture the minds of teachers and students. The wise academicians wanted political support, without political inference. What we have actually received is infinite political interference with little genuine political support. This interference with the educational system by political parties for their own ulterior motives is no political education at all; and with the all round growth of elitism, it is hardly a matter for surprise that real political education within the school system (which really means the creation of a commitment to social transformation) has been even weaker than in the pre-independence period. At the same time, the freedom struggle came to an end and the major non formal agency of political education disappeared. The press could and did provide some political education. But it did not utilise the opportunity to the full and the strangle hold of vested interests continued to dominate it. The same can be said of political parties as well as of other institutions and agencies outside the school system which can be expected to provide political education. All things considered, it appears that we have made no progress in genuine political education in the post independence period and have even sided back in some respects. For instance, the education system has become even more elite oriented. Patriotism has become the first casualty. Gandhiji gave us the courage to oppose government when it was wrong, in a disciplined fashion and on basic principles and taught us to work among the poor people for mobilizing and organizing them. Today, we have been lost the courage to fight on basic issues in a disciplined manner because agitational and anarchic politics for individual, group or party aggrandizement has become common. The education system of today continues to support domestication of the under privileged ones. The situation will not change unless we take vigorous steps to provide genuine political education on an adequate scale. This is one of the major educational reforms we need; and if it is not carried out, mere linear expansion of the existing system of formal education will only support the status quo and hamper radical social transformation. Question: Which of the following is true in the context of the passage?
directions-read-the-passage-given-below-and-answer-the-questions-that-follow-by-choosing-the-correctmost-appropriate-options-political-education-may-be-defined-as-the-preparation-of-a-citizen-to-take-well-informed-responsible-and-sustained-action-for-participation-in-the-national-struggle-for-the-realization-of-the-socio-economic-objectives-of-the-country-the-overriding-socio-economic-objectives-in-india-are-the-abolition-of-poverty-and-the-creation-of-a-modern-democratic-secular-and-socialist-society-in-place-of-the-present-traditional-feudal-hierarchical-and-in-egalitarian-one-under-the-british-rule-the-congress-leaders-argued-that-political-education-was-an-important-part-of-education-and-refused-to-accept-the-official-view-that-education-and-politics-should-not-be-mixed-with-one-another-but-when-they-came-to-power-in-1947-they-almost-adopted-the-british-policy-and-began-to-talk-of-education-being-defiled-by-politics-hands-off-education-was-the-call-to-political-parties-but-inspite-of-it-political-infiltration-into-the-educational-system-has-greatly-increased-in-the-sense-that-different-political-parties-vie-with-each-other-to-capture-the-minds-of-teachers-and-students-the-wise-academicians-wanted-political-support-without-political-inference-what-we-have-actually-received-is-infinite-political-interference-with-little-genuine-political-support-this-interference-with-the-educational-system-by-political-parties-for-their-own-ulterior-motives-is-no-political-education-at-all-and-with-the-all-round-growth-of-elitism-it-is-hardly-a-matter-for-surprise-that-real-political-education-within-the-school-system-which-really-means-the-creation-of-a-commitment-to-social-transformation-has-been-even-weaker-than-in-the-pre-independence-period-at-the-same-time-the-freedom-struggle-came-to-an-end-and-the-major-non-formal-agency-of-political-education-disappeared-the-press-could-and-did-provide-some-political-education-but-it-did-not-utilise-the-opportunity-to-the-full-and-the-strangle-hold-of-vested-interests-continued-to-dominate-it-the-same-can-be-said-of-political-parties-as-well-as-of-other-institutions-and-agencies-outside-the-school-system-which-can-be-expected-to-provide-political-education-all-things-considered-it-appears-that-we-have-made-no-progress-in-genuine-political-education-in-the-post-independence-period-and-have-even-sided-back-in-some-respects-for-instance-the-education-system-has-become-even-more-elite-oriented-patriotism-has-become-the-first-casualty-gandhiji-gave-us-the-courage-to-oppose-government-when-it-was-wrong-in-a-disciplined-fashion-and-on-basic-principles-and-taught-us-to-work-among-the-poor-people-for-mobilizing-and-organizing-them-today-we-have-been-lost-the-courage-to-fight-on-basic-issues-in-a-disciplined-manner-because-agitational-and-anarchic-politics-for-individual-group-or-party-aggrandizement-has-become-common-the-education-system-of-today-continues-to-support-domestication-of-the-under-privileged-ones-the-situation-will-not-change-unless-we-take-vigorous-steps-to-provide-genuine-political-education-on-an-adequate-scale-this-is-one-of-the-major-educational-reforms-we-need-and-if-it-is-not-carried-out-mere-linear-expansion-of-the-existing-system-of-formal-education-will-only-support-the-status-quo-and-hamper-radical-social-transformation-question-which-of-the-following-is-true-in-the-context-of-the-passage
Direction for the following items. Read the following passages and answer the items that follow. You answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Contract farming is defined as a system for the production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers/suppliers and buyers. The essence of such an arrangement is the commitment of the producer/ seller to provide an agricultural commodity of a certain type, at a time and a price, and in the quantity required by a known and committed buyer. According to the contract, the farmer is required to plant the contractor's crop on his land, and to harvest and deliver to the contractor a quantum of produce, based upon anticipated yield and contracted acreage. This could be at a pre-agreed price. Towards these ends, the contractor supplies the farmer with selected inputs, including the required technical advice. Thus, the contractor supplies all the inputs required for cultivation, while the farmer supplies land and labour. However, the terms and nature of the contract differ according to variations in the nature of crops to be grown, agencies, farmers, and technologies and the context in which they are practiced The key feature of contract farming, which bears on production response, is risk sharing and risk reduction. In fact, contracting is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between the company and its growers. The latter assume most of the risks associated with production, while the former assumes the risks of marketing the final product. Total risk is reduced relative to a non-contract situation of that crop. However, it is unclear whether total risk for the farmer is reduced, since non-traditional crops are inherently risky; when the addition of the contract crop to the farm's product increases total risk for the farm, it may induce a farmer to increase the percentage of subsistence requirements. There are some preconditions for successful contract farming. The essential precondition is that there must be a market for the product that will ensure profitability of the venture. To justify investments it must be clear that the market will be profitable in the long run as well as short run. The potential profitability for the sponsor must be calculated on the basis of assumptions about payments to farmers that will assure them consistent and attractive financial benefits. For the success of contract farming, farmers should be ready to adopt this system. It may be quite possible that farmers may not be willing to participate in contract farming schemes because of community-wide distrust of multinational firms. The relationship between farmers and firms can quickly deteriorate with poor management and a misunderstanding of the practices. This can result in higher incidences of contractual breach by farmers. Question: According to the author, what are the contractual obligations for a farmer and contractor? 1. The contractor is supposed to provide seeds, fertilizers, etc. to farmer. 2. Farmer is supposed to be a competent and technically equipped person and has not to depend upon contractor. 3. The farmer is duty bound to deliver a part of the produce to the contractor. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
direction-for-the-following-items-read-the-following-passages-and-answer-the-items-that-follow-you-answers-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passage-only-passage-1-contract-farming-is-defined-as-a-system-for-the-production-and-supply-of-agriculturalhorticultural-produce-under-forward-contracts-between-producerssuppliers-and-buyers-the-essence-of-such-an-arrangement-is-the-commitment-of-the-producer-seller-to-provide-an-agricultural-commodity-of-a-certain-type-at-a-time-and-a-price-and-in-the-quantity-required-by-a-known-and-committed-buyer-according-to-the-contract-the-farmer-is-required-to-plant-the-contractors-crop-on-his-land-and-to-harvest-and-deliver-to-the-contractor-a-quantum-of-produce-based-upon-anticipated-yield-and-contracted-acreage-this-could-be-at-a-pre-agreed-price-towards-these-ends-the-contractor-supplies-the-farmer-with-selected-inputs-including-the-required-technical-advice-thus-the-contractor-supplies-all-the-inputs-required-for-cultivation-while-the-farmer-supplies-land-and-labour-however-the-terms-and-nature-of-the-contract-differ-according-to-variations-in-the-nature-of-crops-to-be-grown-agencies-farmers-and-technologies-and-the-context-in-which-they-are-practiced-the-key-feature-of-contract-farming-which-bears-on-production-response-is-risk-sharing-and-risk-reduction-in-fact-contracting-is-fundamentally-a-way-of-allocating-risk-between-the-company-and-its-growers-the-latter-assume-most-of-the-risks-associated-with-production-while-the-former-assumes-the-risks-of-marketing-the-final-product-total-risk-is-reduced-relative-to-a-non-contract-situation-of-that-crop-however-it-is-unclear-whether-total-risk-for-the-farmer-is-reduced-since-non-traditional-crops-are-inherently-risky-when-the-addition-of-the-contract-crop-to-the-farms-product-increases-total-risk-for-the-farm-it-may-induce-a-farmer-to-increase-the-percentage-of-subsistence-requirements-there-are-some-preconditions-for-successful-contract-farming-the-essential-precondition-is-that-there-must-be-a-market-for-the-product-that-will-ensure-profitability-of-the-venture-to-justify-investments-it-must-be-clear-that-the-market-will-be-profitable-in-the-long-run-as-well-as-short-run-the-potential-profitability-for-the-sponsor-must-be-calculated-on-the-basis-of-assumptions-about-payments-to-farmers-that-will-assure-them-consistent-and-attractive-financial-benefits-for-the-success-of-contract-farming-farmers-should-be-ready-to-adopt-this-system-it-may-be-quite-possible-that-farmers-may-not-be-willing-to-participate-in-contract-farming-schemes-because-of-community-wide-distrust-of-multinational-firms-the-relationship-between-farmers-and-firms-can-quickly-deteriorate-with-poor-management-and-a-misunderstanding-of-the-practices-this-can-result-in-higher-incidences-of-contractual-breach-by-farmers-question-according-to-the-author-what-are-the-contractual-obligations-for-a-farmer-and-contractor-1-the-contractor-is-supposed-to-provide-seeds-fertilizers-etc-to-farmer-2-farmer-is-supposed-to-be-a-competent-and-technically-equipped-person-and-has-not-to-depend-upon-contractor-3-the-farmer-is-duty-bound-to-deliver-a-part-of-the-produce-to-the-contractor-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Direction for the following items. Read the following passages and answer the items that follow. You answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Contract farming is defined as a system for the production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers/suppliers and buyers. The essence of such an arrangement is the commitment of the producer/ seller to provide an agricultural commodity of a certain type, at a time and a price, and in the quantity required by a known and committed buyer. According to the contract, the farmer is required to plant the contractor's crop on his land, and to harvest and deliver to the contractor a quantum of produce, based upon anticipated yield and contracted acreage. This could be at a pre-agreed price. Towards these ends, the contractor supplies the farmer with selected inputs, including the required technical advice. Thus, the contractor supplies all the inputs required for cultivation, while the farmer supplies land and labour. However, the terms and nature of the contract differ according to variations in the nature of crops to be grown, agencies, farmers, and technologies and the context in which they are practiced The key feature of contract farming, which bears on production response, is risk sharing and risk reduction. In fact, contracting is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between the company and its growers. The latter assume most of the risks associated with production, while the former assumes the risks of marketing the final product. Total risk is reduced relative to a non-contract situation of that crop. However, it is unclear whether total risk for the farmer is reduced, since non-traditional crops are inherently risky; when the addition of the contract crop to the farm's product increases total risk for the farm, it may induce a farmer to increase the percentage of subsistence requirements. There are some preconditions for successful contract farming. The essential precondition is that there must be a market for the product that will ensure profitability of the venture. To justify investments it must be clear that the market will be profitable in the long run as well as short run. The potential profitability for the sponsor must be calculated on the basis of assumptions about payments to farmers that will assure them consistent and attractive financial benefits. For the success of contract farming, farmers should be ready to adopt this system. It may be quite possible that farmers may not be willing to participate in contract farming schemes because of community-wide distrust of multinational firms. The relationship between farmers and firms can quickly deteriorate with poor management and a misunderstanding of the practices. This can result in higher incidences of contractual breach by farmers. Question: Inspite of an apparent profit, why the farmers hesitate to adopt contract farming? 1. Farmers apprehend that they might loose their rights on the farm land. 2. Farmers have got a feeling that foreign business group might cheat them. 3. There are various legal formalities in contractual farming which is beyond the capacity of farmers to comprehend. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
direction-for-the-following-items-read-the-following-passages-and-answer-the-items-that-follow-you-answers-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passage-only-passage-1-contract-farming-is-defined-as-a-system-for-the-production-and-supply-of-agriculturalhorticultural-produce-under-forward-contracts-between-producerssuppliers-and-buyers-the-essence-of-such-an-arrangement-is-the-commitment-of-the-producer-seller-to-provide-an-agricultural-commodity-of-a-certain-type-at-a-time-and-a-price-and-in-the-quantity-required-by-a-known-and-committed-buyer-according-to-the-contract-the-farmer-is-required-to-plant-the-contractors-crop-on-his-land-and-to-harvest-and-deliver-to-the-contractor-a-quantum-of-produce-based-upon-anticipated-yield-and-contracted-acreage-this-could-be-at-a-pre-agreed-price-towards-these-ends-the-contractor-supplies-the-farmer-with-selected-inputs-including-the-required-technical-advice-thus-the-contractor-supplies-all-the-inputs-required-for-cultivation-while-the-farmer-supplies-land-and-labour-however-the-terms-and-nature-of-the-contract-differ-according-to-variations-in-the-nature-of-crops-to-be-grown-agencies-farmers-and-technologies-and-the-context-in-which-they-are-practiced-the-key-feature-of-contract-farming-which-bears-on-production-response-is-risk-sharing-and-risk-reduction-in-fact-contracting-is-fundamentally-a-way-of-allocating-risk-between-the-company-and-its-growers-the-latter-assume-most-of-the-risks-associated-with-production-while-the-former-assumes-the-risks-of-marketing-the-final-product-total-risk-is-reduced-relative-to-a-non-contract-situation-of-that-crop-however-it-is-unclear-whether-total-risk-for-the-farmer-is-reduced-since-non-traditional-crops-are-inherently-risky-when-the-addition-of-the-contract-crop-to-the-farms-product-increases-total-risk-for-the-farm-it-may-induce-a-farmer-to-increase-the-percentage-of-subsistence-requirements-there-are-some-preconditions-for-successful-contract-farming-the-essential-precondition-is-that-there-must-be-a-market-for-the-product-that-will-ensure-profitability-of-the-venture-to-justify-investments-it-must-be-clear-that-the-market-will-be-profitable-in-the-long-run-as-well-as-short-run-the-potential-profitability-for-the-sponsor-must-be-calculated-on-the-basis-of-assumptions-about-payments-to-farmers-that-will-assure-them-consistent-and-attractive-financial-benefits-for-the-success-of-contract-farming-farmers-should-be-ready-to-adopt-this-system-it-may-be-quite-possible-that-farmers-may-not-be-willing-to-participate-in-contract-farming-schemes-because-of-community-wide-distrust-of-multinational-firms-the-relationship-between-farmers-and-firms-can-quickly-deteriorate-with-poor-management-and-a-misunderstanding-of-the-practices-this-can-result-in-higher-incidences-of-contractual-breach-by-farmers-question-inspite-of-an-apparent-profit-why-the-farmers-hesitate-to-adopt-contract-farming-1-farmers-apprehend-that-they-might-loose-their-rights-on-the-farm-land-2-farmers-have-got-a-feeling-that-foreign-business-group-might-cheat-them-3-there-are-various-legal-formalities-in-contractual-farming-which-is-beyond-the-capacity-of-farmers-to-comprehend-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Direction for the following items. Read the following passages and answer the items that follow. You answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Contract farming is defined as a system for the production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers/suppliers and buyers. The essence of such an arrangement is the commitment of the producer/ seller to provide an agricultural commodity of a certain type, at a time and a price, and in the quantity required by a known and committed buyer. According to the contract, the farmer is required to plant the contractor's crop on his land, and to harvest and deliver to the contractor a quantum of produce, based upon anticipated yield and contracted acreage. This could be at a pre-agreed price. Towards these ends, the contractor supplies the farmer with selected inputs, including the required technical advice. Thus, the contractor supplies all the inputs required for cultivation, while the farmer supplies land and labour. However, the terms and nature of the contract differ according to variations in the nature of crops to be grown, agencies, farmers, and technologies and the context in which they are practiced The key feature of contract farming, which bears on production response, is risk sharing and risk reduction. In fact, contracting is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between the company and its growers. The latter assume most of the risks associated with production, while the former assumes the risks of marketing the final product. Total risk is reduced relative to a non-contract situation of that crop. However, it is unclear whether total risk for the farmer is reduced, since non-traditional crops are inherently risky; when the addition of the contract crop to the farm's product increases total risk for the farm, it may induce a farmer to increase the percentage of subsistence requirements. There are some preconditions for successful contract farming. The essential precondition is that there must be a market for the product that will ensure profitability of the venture. To justify investments it must be clear that the market will be profitable in the long run as well as short run. The potential profitability for the sponsor must be calculated on the basis of assumptions about payments to farmers that will assure them consistent and attractive financial benefits. For the success of contract farming, farmers should be ready to adopt this system. It may be quite possible that farmers may not be willing to participate in contract farming schemes because of community-wide distrust of multinational firms. The relationship between farmers and firms can quickly deteriorate with poor management and a misunderstanding of the practices. This can result in higher incidences of contractual breach by farmers. Question: Consider the following statements with respect to the above passage: 1. Contract farming cannot succeed unless there is a favourable market. 2. Risk should be shared by both parties i.e. farmer and contractor. 3. There cannot be a uniform contract system for various varieties of crops, fruits, vegetables, etc. 4. For a potential investor a good market survey is a pre-condition. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
direction-for-the-following-items-read-the-following-passages-and-answer-the-items-that-follow-you-answers-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passage-only-contract-farming-is-defined-as-a-system-for-the-production-and-supply-of-agriculturalhorticultural-produce-under-forward-contracts-between-producerssuppliers-and-buyers-the-essence-of-such-an-arrangement-is-the-commitment-of-the-producer-seller-to-provide-an-agricultural-commodity-of-a-certain-type-at-a-time-and-a-price-and-in-the-quantity-required-by-a-known-and-committed-buyer-according-to-the-contract-the-farmer-is-required-to-plant-the-contractors-crop-on-his-land-and-to-harvest-and-deliver-to-the-contractor-a-quantum-of-produce-based-upon-anticipated-yield-and-contracted-acreage-this-could-be-at-a-pre-agreed-price-towards-these-ends-the-contractor-supplies-the-farmer-with-selected-inputs-including-the-required-technical-advice-thus-the-contractor-supplies-all-the-inputs-required-for-cultivation-while-the-farmer-supplies-land-and-labour-however-the-terms-and-nature-of-the-contract-differ-according-to-variations-in-the-nature-of-crops-to-be-grown-agencies-farmers-and-technologies-and-the-context-in-which-they-are-practiced-the-key-feature-of-contract-farming-which-bears-on-production-response-is-risk-sharing-and-risk-reduction-in-fact-contracting-is-fundamentally-a-way-of-allocating-risk-between-the-company-and-its-growers-the-latter-assume-most-of-the-risks-associated-with-production-while-the-former-assumes-the-risks-of-marketing-the-final-product-total-risk-is-reduced-relative-to-a-non-contract-situation-of-that-crop-however-it-is-unclear-whether-total-risk-for-the-farmer-is-reduced-since-non-traditional-crops-are-inherently-risky-when-the-addition-of-the-contract-crop-to-the-farms-product-increases-total-risk-for-the-farm-it-may-induce-a-farmer-to-increase-the-percentage-of-subsistence-requirements-there-are-some-preconditions-for-successful-contract-farming-the-essential-precondition-is-that-there-must-be-a-market-for-the-product-that-will-ensure-profitability-of-the-venture-to-justify-investments-it-must-be-clear-that-the-market-will-be-profitable-in-the-long-run-as-well-as-short-run-the-potential-profitability-for-the-sponsor-must-be-calculated-on-the-basis-of-assumptions-about-payments-to-farmers-that-will-assure-them-consistent-and-attractive-financial-benefits-for-the-success-of-contract-farming-farmers-should-be-ready-to-adopt-this-system-it-may-be-quite-possible-that-farmers-may-not-be-willing-to-participate-in-contract-farming-schemes-because-of-community-wide-distrust-of-multinational-firms-the-relationship-between-farmers-and-firms-can-quickly-deteriorate-with-poor-management-and-a-misunderstanding-of-the-practices-this-can-result-in-higher-incidences-of-contractual-breach-by-farmers-question-consider-the-following-statements-with-respect-to-the-above-passage-1-contract-farming-cannot-succeed-unless-there-is-a-favourable-market-2-risk-should-be-shared-by-both-parties-ie-farmer-and-contractor-3-there-cannot-be-a-uniform-contract-system-for-various-varieties-of-crops-fruits-vegetables-etc-4-for-a-potential-investor-a-good-market-survey-is-a-pre-condition-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Direction for the following items. Read the following passages and answer the items that follow. You answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Contract farming is defined as a system for the production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers/suppliers and buyers. The essence of such an arrangement is the commitment of the producer/ seller to provide an agricultural commodity of a certain type, at a time and a price, and in the quantity required by a known and committed buyer. According to the contract, the farmer is required to plant the contractor's crop on his land, and to harvest and deliver to the contractor a quantum of produce, based upon anticipated yield and contracted acreage. This could be at a pre-agreed price. Towards these ends, the contractor supplies the farmer with selected inputs, including the required technical advice. Thus, the contractor supplies all the inputs required for cultivation, while the farmer supplies land and labour. However, the terms and nature of the contract differ according to variations in the nature of crops to be grown, agencies, farmers, and technologies and the context in which they are practiced The key feature of contract farming, which bears on production response, is risk sharing and risk reduction. In fact, contracting is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between the company and its growers. The latter assume most of the risks associated with production, while the former assumes the risks of marketing the final product. Total risk is reduced relative to a non-contract situation of that crop. However, it is unclear whether total risk for the farmer is reduced, since non-traditional crops are inherently risky; when the addition of the contract crop to the farm's product increases total risk for the farm, it may induce a farmer to increase the percentage of subsistence requirements. There are some preconditions for successful contract farming. The essential precondition is that there must be a market for the product that will ensure profitability of the venture. To justify investments it must be clear that the market will be profitable in the long run as well as short run. The potential profitability for the sponsor must be calculated on the basis of assumptions about payments to farmers that will assure them consistent and attractive financial benefits. For the success of contract farming, farmers should be ready to adopt this system. It may be quite possible that farmers may not be willing to participate in contract farming schemes because of community-wide distrust of multinational firms. The relationship between farmers and firms can quickly deteriorate with poor management and a misunderstanding of the practices. This can result in higher incidences of contractual breach by farmers. Question: Consider the following statements: 1. Contract farming is only possible when there is a contract between farmer and contractor regarding a farm crop. 2. Choice of crop has to be decided only by the farmer and not by the contractor. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
direction-for-the-following-items-read-the-following-passages-and-answer-the-items-that-follow-you-answers-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passage-only-contract-farming-is-defined-as-a-system-for-the-production-and-supply-of-agriculturalhorticultural-produce-under-forward-contracts-between-producerssuppliers-and-buyers-the-essence-of-such-an-arrangement-is-the-commitment-of-the-producer-seller-to-provide-an-agricultural-commodity-of-a-certain-type-at-a-time-and-a-price-and-in-the-quantity-required-by-a-known-and-committed-buyer-according-to-the-contract-the-farmer-is-required-to-plant-the-contractors-crop-on-his-land-and-to-harvest-and-deliver-to-the-contractor-a-quantum-of-produce-based-upon-anticipated-yield-and-contracted-acreage-this-could-be-at-a-pre-agreed-price-towards-these-ends-the-contractor-supplies-the-farmer-with-selected-inputs-including-the-required-technical-advice-thus-the-contractor-supplies-all-the-inputs-required-for-cultivation-while-the-farmer-supplies-land-and-labour-however-the-terms-and-nature-of-the-contract-differ-according-to-variations-in-the-nature-of-crops-to-be-grown-agencies-farmers-and-technologies-and-the-context-in-which-they-are-practiced-the-key-feature-of-contract-farming-which-bears-on-production-response-is-risk-sharing-and-risk-reduction-in-fact-contracting-is-fundamentally-a-way-of-allocating-risk-between-the-company-and-its-growers-the-latter-assume-most-of-the-risks-associated-with-production-while-the-former-assumes-the-risks-of-marketing-the-final-product-total-risk-is-reduced-relative-to-a-non-contract-situation-of-that-crop-however-it-is-unclear-whether-total-risk-for-the-farmer-is-reduced-since-non-traditional-crops-are-inherently-risky-when-the-addition-of-the-contract-crop-to-the-farms-product-increases-total-risk-for-the-farm-it-may-induce-a-farmer-to-increase-the-percentage-of-subsistence-requirements-there-are-some-preconditions-for-successful-contract-farming-the-essential-precondition-is-that-there-must-be-a-market-for-the-product-that-will-ensure-profitability-of-the-venture-to-justify-investments-it-must-be-clear-that-the-market-will-be-profitable-in-the-long-run-as-well-as-short-run-the-potential-profitability-for-the-sponsor-must-be-calculated-on-the-basis-of-assumptions-about-payments-to-farmers-that-will-assure-them-consistent-and-attractive-financial-benefits-for-the-success-of-contract-farming-farmers-should-be-ready-to-adopt-this-system-it-may-be-quite-possible-that-farmers-may-not-be-willing-to-participate-in-contract-farming-schemes-because-of-community-wide-distrust-of-multinational-firms-the-relationship-between-farmers-and-firms-can-quickly-deteriorate-with-poor-management-and-a-misunderstanding-of-the-practices-this-can-result-in-higher-incidences-of-contractual-breach-by-farmers-question-consider-the-following-statements-1-contract-farming-is-only-possible-when-there-is-a-contract-between-farmer-and-contractor-regarding-a-farm-crop-2-choice-of-crop-has-to-be-decided-only-by-the-farmer-and-not-by-the-contractor-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Direction for the following items. Read the following passages and answer the items that follow. You answers to these items should be based on the passage only. Contract farming is defined as a system for the production and supply of agricultural/horticultural produce under forward contracts between producers/suppliers and buyers. The essence of such an arrangement is the commitment of the producer/ seller to provide an agricultural commodity of a certain type, at a time and a price, and in the quantity required by a known and committed buyer. According to the contract, the farmer is required to plant the contractor's crop on his land, and to harvest and deliver to the contractor a quantum of produce, based upon anticipated yield and contracted acreage. This could be at a pre-agreed price. Towards these ends, the contractor supplies the farmer with selected inputs, including the required technical advice. Thus, the contractor supplies all the inputs required for cultivation, while the farmer supplies land and labour. However, the terms and nature of the contract differ according to variations in the nature of crops to be grown, agencies, farmers, and technologies and the context in which they are practiced The key feature of contract farming, which bears on production response, is risk sharing and risk reduction. In fact, contracting is fundamentally a way of allocating risk between the company and its growers. The latter assume most of the risks associated with production, while the former assumes the risks of marketing the final product. Total risk is reduced relative to a non-contract situation of that crop. However, it is unclear whether total risk for the farmer is reduced, since non-traditional crops are inherently risky; when the addition of the contract crop to the farm's product increases total risk for the farm, it may induce a farmer to increase the percentage of subsistence requirements. There are some preconditions for successful contract farming. The essential precondition is that there must be a market for the product that will ensure profitability of the venture. To justify investments it must be clear that the market will be profitable in the long run as well as short run. The potential profitability for the sponsor must be calculated on the basis of assumptions about payments to farmers that will assure them consistent and attractive financial benefits. For the success of contract farming, farmers should be ready to adopt this system. It may be quite possible that farmers may not be willing to participate in contract farming schemes because of community-wide distrust of multinational firms. The relationship between farmers and firms can quickly deteriorate with poor management and a misunderstanding of the practices. This can result in higher incidences of contractual breach by farmers. Question: What correct reference comes from the passage? (a) Contract farming is very profitable. (b) Contract farming is still in experimental stage. (c) Contract farming will boost farm production. (d) Alternative of contract farming is to be explored.
direction-for-the-following-items-read-the-following-passages-and-answer-the-items-that-follow-you-answers-to-these-items-should-be-based-on-the-passage-only-contract-farming-is-defined-as-a-system-for-the-production-and-supply-of-agriculturalhorticultural-produce-under-forward-contracts-between-producerssuppliers-and-buyers-the-essence-of-such-an-arrangement-is-the-commitment-of-the-producer-seller-to-provide-an-agricultural-commodity-of-a-certain-type-at-a-time-and-a-price-and-in-the-quantity-required-by-a-known-and-committed-buyer-according-to-the-contract-the-farmer-is-required-to-plant-the-contractors-crop-on-his-land-and-to-harvest-and-deliver-to-the-contractor-a-quantum-of-produce-based-upon-anticipated-yield-and-contracted-acreage-this-could-be-at-a-pre-agreed-price-towards-these-ends-the-contractor-supplies-the-farmer-with-selected-inputs-including-the-required-technical-advice-thus-the-contractor-supplies-all-the-inputs-required-for-cultivation-while-the-farmer-supplies-land-and-labour-however-the-terms-and-nature-of-the-contract-differ-according-to-variations-in-the-nature-of-crops-to-be-grown-agencies-farmers-and-technologies-and-the-context-in-which-they-are-practiced-the-key-feature-of-contract-farming-which-bears-on-production-response-is-risk-sharing-and-risk-reduction-in-fact-contracting-is-fundamentally-a-way-of-allocating-risk-between-the-company-and-its-growers-the-latter-assume-most-of-the-risks-associated-with-production-while-the-former-assumes-the-risks-of-marketing-the-final-product-total-risk-is-reduced-relative-to-a-non-contract-situation-of-that-crop-however-it-is-unclear-whether-total-risk-for-the-farmer-is-reduced-since-non-traditional-crops-are-inherently-risky-when-the-addition-of-the-contract-crop-to-the-farms-product-increases-total-risk-for-the-farm-it-may-induce-a-farmer-to-increase-the-percentage-of-subsistence-requirements-there-are-some-preconditions-for-successful-contract-farming-the-essential-precondition-is-that-there-must-be-a-market-for-the-product-that-will-ensure-profitability-of-the-venture-to-justify-investments-it-must-be-clear-that-the-market-will-be-profitable-in-the-long-run-as-well-as-short-run-the-potential-profitability-for-the-sponsor-must-be-calculated-on-the-basis-of-assumptions-about-payments-to-farmers-that-will-assure-them-consistent-and-attractive-financial-benefits-for-the-success-of-contract-farming-farmers-should-be-ready-to-adopt-this-system-it-may-be-quite-possible-that-farmers-may-not-be-willing-to-participate-in-contract-farming-schemes-because-of-community-wide-distrust-of-multinational-firms-the-relationship-between-farmers-and-firms-can-quickly-deteriorate-with-poor-management-and-a-misunderstanding-of-the-practices-this-can-result-in-higher-incidences-of-contractual-breach-by-farmers-question-what-correct-reference-comes-from-the-passage-a-contract-farming-is-very-profitable-b-contract-farming-is-still-in-experimental-stage-c-contract-farming-will-boost-farm-production-d-alternative-of-contract-farming-is-to-be-explored
Passage Education and health care are the twin pillars on which rest the edifice of social sector reforms. Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering to approximately 20 crore students. Plan expenditure on different sectors of education has increased over the years, elementary education expenditure accounted for more than half of the allocation on education. However, there are still certain areas of concern and efforts are to universalise the elementary education. Historically, until about a 100 years ago, private providers were the only source of health care and education, and even today they often account for a larger share of spending than done by public sources. The government's role expanded for much of the current century, but now being widely rethought in the wake of disappointing results in the social sectors and infrastructure. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), is the highest advisory body to advise the Central and state governments in the field of education. Estimated financial requirements for elementary education ranging between Rs. 3,21,200 crore to Rs. 4,36,500 crore for the six year period, or Rs. 54,200 crore to Rs. 72,000 crore per year. Private partner or concessionaire could be associated by leasing out premises or by providing interest free loan for the construction of premises or infrastructure and/or allowing the private partner to use available infrastructure for other permissible revenue generating programmes. Question: Consider the following assumption regarding the above passage: 1. A century ago private providers were supplementing the government's effort in education and health care. 2. We could not enhance expenditure on education in successive five year plans. 3. Expenditure on elementary education is unfortunately very poor. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
passage-education-and-health-care-are-the-twin-pillars-on-which-rest-the-edifice-of-social-sector-reforms-indian-education-system-is-perhaps-the-largest-system-in-the-world-catering-to-approximately-20-crore-students-plan-expenditure-on-different-sectors-of-education-has-increased-over-the-years-elementary-education-expenditure-accounted-for-more-than-half-of-the-allocation-on-education-however-there-are-still-certain-areas-of-concern-and-efforts-are-to-universalise-the-elementary-education-historically-until-about-a-100-years-ago-private-providers-were-the-only-source-of-health-care-and-education-and-even-today-they-often-account-for-a-larger-share-of-spending-than-done-by-public-sources-the-governments-role-expanded-for-much-of-the-current-century-but-now-being-widely-rethought-in-the-wake-of-disappointing-results-in-the-social-sectors-and-infrastructure-the-central-advisory-board-of-education-cabe-is-the-highest-advisory-body-to-advise-the-central-and-state-governments-in-the-field-of-education-estimated-financial-requirements-for-elementary-education-ranging-between-rs-321200-crore-to-rs-436500-crore-for-the-six-year-period-or-rs-54200-crore-to-rs-72000-crore-per-year-private-partner-or-concessionaire-could-be-associated-by-leasing-out-premises-or-by-providing-interest-free-loan-for-the-construction-of-premises-or-infrastructure-andor-allowing-the-private-partner-to-use-available-infrastructure-for-other-permissible-revenue-generating-programmes-21-consider-the-following-assumption-regarding-the-above-passage-1-a-century-ago-private-providers-were-supplementing-the-governments-effort-in-education-and-health-care-2-we-could-not-enhance-expenditure-on-education-in-successive-five-year-plans-3-expenditure-on-elementary-education-is-unfortunately-very-poor-choose-the-correct-answer-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage Education and health care are the twin pillars on which rest the edifice of social sector reforms. Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering to approximately 20 crore students. Plan expenditure on different sectors of education has increased over the years, elementary education expenditure accounted for more than half of the allocation on education. However, there are still certain areas of concern and efforts are to universalise the elementary education. Historically, until about a 100 years ago, private providers were the only source of health care and education, and even today they often account for a larger share of spending than done by public sources. The government's role expanded for much of the current century, but now being widely rethought in the wake of disappointing results in the social sectors and infrastructure. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), is the highest advisory body to advise the Central and state governments in the field of education. Estimated financial requirements for elementary education ranging between Rs. 3,21,200 crore to Rs. 4,36,500 crore for the six year period, or Rs. 54,200 crore to Rs. 72,000 crore per year. Private partner or concessionaire could be associated by leasing out premises or by providing interest free loan for the construction of premises or infrastructure and/or allowing the private partner to use available infrastructure for other permissible revenue generating programmes. Question: What is the concept of universalisation of primary education according to the above passage?
passage-education-and-health-care-are-the-twin-pillars-on-which-rest-the-edifice-of-social-sector-reforms-indian-education-system-is-perhaps-the-largest-system-in-the-world-catering-to-approximately-20-crore-students-plan-expenditure-on-different-sectors-of-education-has-increased-over-the-years-elementary-education-expenditure-accounted-for-more-than-half-of-the-allocation-on-education-however-there-are-still-certain-areas-of-concern-and-efforts-are-to-universalise-the-elementary-education-historically-until-about-a-100-years-ago-private-providers-were-the-only-source-of-health-care-and-education-and-even-today-they-often-account-for-a-larger-share-of-spending-than-done-by-public-sources-the-governments-role-expanded-for-much-of-the-current-century-but-now-being-widely-rethought-in-the-wake-of-disappointing-results-in-the-social-sectors-and-infrastructure-the-central-advisory-board-of-education-cabe-is-the-highest-advisory-body-to-advise-the-central-and-state-governments-in-the-field-of-education-estimated-financial-requirements-for-elementary-education-ranging-between-rs-321200-crore-to-rs-436500-crore-for-the-six-year-period-or-rs-54200-crore-to-rs-72000-crore-per-year-private-partner-or-concessionaire-could-be-associated-by-leasing-out-premises-or-by-providing-interest-free-loan-for-the-construction-of-premises-or-infrastructure-andor-allowing-the-private-partner-to-use-available-infrastructure-for-other-permissible-revenue-generating-programmes-question-what-is-the-concept-of-universalisation-of-primary-education-according-to-the-above-passage
Passage Education and health care are the twin pillars on which rest the edifice of social sector reforms. Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering to approximately 20 crore students. Plan expenditure on different sectors of education has increased over the years, elementary education expenditure accounted for more than half of the allocation on education. However, there are still certain areas of concern and efforts are to universalise the elementary education. Historically, until about a 100 years ago, private providers were the only source of health care and education, and even today they often account for a larger share of spending than done by public sources. The government's role expanded for much of the current century, but now being widely rethought in the wake of disappointing results in the social sectors and infrastructure. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), is the highest advisory body to advise the Central and state governments in the field of education. Estimated financial requirements for elementary education ranging between Rs. 3,21,200 crore to Rs. 4,36,500 crore for the six year period, or Rs. 54,200 crore to Rs. 72,000 crore per year. Private partner or concessionaire could be associated by leasing out premises or by providing interest free loan for the construction of premises or infrastructure and/or allowing the private partner to use available infrastructure for other permissible revenue generating programmes. Question: The author suggests a mechanism through which private sector could be associated with expansion of elementary education. This includes... 1. Private sector could be made available resources. on easy terms and conditions. 2. Government could allow existing educational institutions for non educational purposes to generate additional financial resources for augmenting the huge requirements of funds for elementary education. Choose correct answers from the codes given below:
passage-education-and-health-care-are-the-twin-pillars-on-which-rest-the-edifice-of-social-sector-reforms-indian-education-system-is-perhaps-the-largest-system-in-the-world-catering-to-approximately-20-crore-students-plan-expenditure-on-different-sectors-of-education-has-increased-over-the-years-elementary-education-expenditure-accounted-for-more-than-half-of-the-allocation-on-education-however-there-are-still-certain-areas-of-concern-and-efforts-are-to-universalise-the-elementary-education-historically-until-about-a-100-years-ago-private-providers-were-the-only-source-of-health-care-and-education-and-even-today-they-often-account-for-a-larger-share-of-spending-than-done-by-public-sources-the-governments-role-expanded-for-much-of-the-current-century-but-now-being-widely-rethought-in-the-wake-of-disappointing-results-in-the-social-sectors-and-infrastructure-the-central-advisory-board-of-education-cabe-is-the-highest-advisory-body-to-advise-the-central-and-state-governments-in-the-field-of-education-estimated-financial-requirements-for-elementary-education-ranging-between-rs-321200-crore-to-rs-436500-crore-for-the-six-year-period-or-rs-54200-crore-to-rs-72000-crore-per-year-private-partner-or-concessionaire-could-be-associated-by-leasing-out-premises-or-by-providing-interest-free-loan-for-the-construction-of-premises-or-infrastructure-andor-allowing-the-private-partner-to-use-available-infrastructure-for-other-permissible-revenue-generating-programmes-question-the-author-suggests-a-mechanism-through-which-private-sector-could-be-associated-with-expansion-of-elementary-education-this-includes-1-private-sector-could-be-made-available-resources-on-easy-terms-and-conditions-2-government-could-allow-existing-educational-institutions-for-non-educational-purposes-to-generate-additional-financial-resources-for-augmenting-the-huge-requirements-of-funds-for-elementary-education-choose-correct-answers-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage Education and health care are the twin pillars on which rest the edifice of social sector reforms. Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering to approximately 20 crore students. Plan expenditure on different sectors of education has increased over the years, elementary education expenditure accounted for more than half of the allocation on education. However, there are still certain areas of concern and efforts are to universalise the elementary education. Historically, until about a 100 years ago, private providers were the only source of health care and education, and even today they often account for a larger share of spending than done by public sources. The government's role expanded for much of the current century, but now being widely rethought in the wake of disappointing results in the social sectors and infrastructure. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), is the highest advisory body to advise the Central and state governments in the field of education. Estimated financial requirements for elementary education ranging between Rs. 3,21,200 crore to Rs. 4,36,500 crore for the six year period, or Rs. 54,200 crore to Rs. 72,000 crore per year. Private partner or concessionaire could be associated by leasing out premises or by providing interest free loan for the construction of premises or infrastructure and/or allowing the private partner to use available infrastructure for other permissible revenue generating programmes. Question: Why according to the passage, it is necessary to rethink the role of government regarding elementary education? 1. In recent years, government has taken up a huge responsibility of expansion of elementary education. 2. Government's capability is in doubt in view of its poor performance in similar other programmes. 3. Government does not have necessary administrative infrastructure to fulfil its commitments. Choose the correct option from following codes:
passage-education-and-health-care-are-the-twin-pillars-on-which-rest-the-edifice-of-social-sector-reforms-indian-education-system-is-perhaps-the-largest-system-in-the-world-catering-to-approximately-20-crore-students-plan-expenditure-on-different-sectors-of-education-has-increased-over-the-years-elementary-education-expenditure-accounted-for-more-than-half-of-the-allocation-on-education-however-there-are-still-certain-areas-of-concern-and-efforts-are-to-universalise-the-elementary-education-historically-until-about-a-100-years-ago-private-providers-were-the-only-source-of-health-care-and-education-and-even-today-they-often-account-for-a-larger-share-of-spending-than-done-by-public-sources-the-governments-role-expanded-for-much-of-the-current-century-but-now-being-widely-rethought-in-the-wake-of-disappointing-results-in-the-social-sectors-and-infrastructure-the-central-advisory-board-of-education-cabe-is-the-highest-advisory-body-to-advise-the-central-and-state-governments-in-the-field-of-education-estimated-financial-requirements-for-elementary-education-ranging-between-rs-321200-crore-to-rs-436500-crore-for-the-six-year-period-or-rs-54200-crore-to-rs-72000-crore-per-year-private-partner-or-concessionaire-could-be-associated-by-leasing-out-premises-or-by-providing-interest-free-loan-for-the-construction-of-premises-or-infrastructure-andor-allowing-the-private-partner-to-use-available-infrastructure-for-other-permissible-revenue-generating-programmes-question-why-according-to-the-passage-it-is-necessary-to-rethink-the-role-of-government-regarding-elementary-education-1-in-recent-years-government-has-taken-up-a-huge-responsibility-of-expansion-of-elementary-education-2-governments-capability-is-in-doubt-in-view-of-its-poor-performance-in-similar-other-programmes-3-government-does-not-have-necessary-administrative-infrastructure-to-fulfil-its-commitments-choose-the-correct-option-from-following-codes
Passage Education and health care are the twin pillars on which rest the edifice of social sector reforms. Indian education system is perhaps the largest system in the world catering to approximately 20 crore students. Plan expenditure on different sectors of education has increased over the years, elementary education expenditure accounted for more than half of the allocation on education. However, there are still certain areas of concern and efforts are to universalise the elementary education. Historically, until about a 100 years ago, private providers were the only source of health care and education, and even today they often account for a larger share of spending than done by public sources. The government's role expanded for much of the current century, but now being widely rethought in the wake of disappointing results in the social sectors and infrastructure. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), is the highest advisory body to advise the Central and state governments in the field of education. Estimated financial requirements for elementary education ranging between Rs. 3,21,200 crore to Rs. 4,36,500 crore for the six year period, or Rs. 54,200 crore to Rs. 72,000 crore per year. Private partner or concessionaire could be associated by leasing out premises or by providing interest free loan for the construction of premises or infrastructure and/or allowing the private partner to use available infrastructure for other permissible revenue generating programmes. Question: What is the correct inference drawn from the passage?
passage-education-and-health-care-are-the-twin-pillars-on-which-rest-the-edifice-of-social-sector-reforms-indian-education-system-is-perhaps-the-largest-system-in-the-world-catering-to-approximately-20-crore-students-plan-expenditure-on-different-sectors-of-education-has-increased-over-the-years-elementary-education-expenditure-accounted-for-more-than-half-of-the-allocation-on-education-however-there-are-still-certain-areas-of-concern-and-efforts-are-to-universalise-the-elementary-education-historically-until-about-a-100-years-ago-private-providers-were-the-only-source-of-health-care-and-education-and-even-today-they-often-account-for-a-larger-share-of-spending-than-done-by-public-sources-the-governments-role-expanded-for-much-of-the-current-century-but-now-being-widely-rethought-in-the-wake-of-disappointing-results-in-the-social-sectors-and-infrastructure-the-central-advisory-board-of-education-cabe-is-the-highest-advisory-body-to-advise-the-central-and-state-governments-in-the-field-of-education-estimated-financial-requirements-for-elementary-education-ranging-between-rs-321200-crore-to-rs-436500-crore-for-the-six-year-period-or-rs-54200-crore-to-rs-72000-crore-per-year-private-partner-or-concessionaire-could-be-associated-by-leasing-out-premises-or-by-providing-interest-free-loan-for-the-construction-of-premises-or-infrastructure-andor-allowing-the-private-partner-to-use-available-infrastructure-for-other-permissible-revenue-generating-programmes-question-what-is-the-correct-inference-drawn-from-the-passage
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question: Consider the following statements in respect of the above passage: 1. For better health services, it is important to reduce the role of bureaucracy. 2. It is better if efforts are made to promote use of traditional knowledge of tribals who cure many diseases with the help of herbs. 3. Local government can play a big role in promotion of health services. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-consider-the-following-statements-in-respect-of-the-above-passage-1-for-better-health-services-it-is-important-to-reduce-the-role-of-bureaucracy-2-it-is-better-if-efforts-are-made-to-promote-use-of-traditional-knowledge-of-tribals-who-cure-many-diseases-with-the-help-of-herbs-3-local-government-can-play-a-big-role-in-promotion-of-health-services-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question :According to the passage, what are the characteristics of Medical Cooperatives of China? 1. Socialisation in health services by making best use of qualified medical personnel. 2. Making available best medicines and equipments with the help and assistance of private sectors. 3. Optimum utilisation of funds made available by government. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-according-to-the-passage-what-are-the-characteristics-of-medical-cooperatives-of-china-1-socialisation-in-health-services-by-making-best-use-of-qualified-medical-personnel-2-making-available-best-medicines-and-equipments-with-the-help-and-assistance-of-private-sectors-3-optimum-utilisation-of-funds-made-available-by-government-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question: According to the passage, what are the reasons for the poor health services in India? 1. Normally decisions for purchase of medicines, transfer and posting of doctors, etc. is taken at the level of State Secretariat. 2. Personnel involved in health services do not have good promotional avenues and other facilities. 3. The field level functionaries are not sure about the financial assistance they will be getting for running the medical services. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-according-to-the-passage-what-are-the-reasons-for-the-poor-health-services-in-india-1-normally-decisions-for-purchase-of-medicines-transfer-and-posting-of-doctors-etc-is-taken-at-the-level-of-state-secretariat-2-personnel-involved-in-health-services-do-not-have-good-promotional-avenues-and-other-facilities-3-the-field-level-functionaries-are-not-sure-about-the-financial-assistance-they-will-be-getting-for-running-the-medical-services-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question: According to the passage, why government alone cannot be held responsible for sorry state of affairs in the health sector?
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-according-to-the-passage-why-government-alone-cannot-be-held-responsible-for-sorry-state-of-affairs-in-the-health-sector
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question: According to the author, what needs to be done to improve the situation in Health Sector?
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-according-to-the-author-what-needs-to-be-done-to-improve-the-situation-in-health-sector
Passage Keeping in view the diverse conditions, cultural traits and ethno-religious beliefs, territorial vastness, etc., it would be wrong to make governmental institutions alone responsible for the health care of the people. It is, therefore, necessary to urgently shift the focus from the hospital-oriented and curative approach to preventive and promotive health-oriented approach. To curtail the mad rush to hospitals and specialist-care centres in the cities, it is necessary to launch mass education to establish regard for the preventive and promotive aspects, for cleaner and healthier living and for the utilization of the traditional home-remedies for the cure of common ailments before they assume chronic proportion. As part of health development progammes, the states must make efforts to popularize Indian Systems of Medicine, like Ayurveda. Siddha, Unani, Naturopathy, and Homeopathy. Restoration of the traditional system would help reduce over-dependence on drugs and medical equipment which devour a large percentage of expenditure on health. Further, the states may initiate developing medical cooperatives like the ones in China. Medical Cooperatives in China reflect "the trend of socialization in the development of health care services, improving the efficiency of theutilization of health care resources as well as the technical level of health care services and quality of treatment." Public hospitals and dispensaries, which account for the substantial part of health care in India, are often inefficient, suffering from highly centralized decision-making, wide fluctuations in budgetary allocations and poor motivation of health care personnel. The most critical and corrective action will be needed at the political level to ensure rejuvenation of the key institutions linked with education, training and research on public health positions and restricting the role of the generalist administrators in the practice of public health in India. Question: According to the passage, what is the benefit of Indian Systems of Medicines? 1. They are cheaper and convenient. 2. There will be less dependence on the English System of Medicines. 3. Government will be saving good amount of money. Choose the correct option from the codes given below:
passage-keeping-in-view-the-diverse-conditions-cultural-traits-and-ethno-religious-beliefs-territorial-vastness-etc-it-would-be-wrong-to-make-governmental-institutions-alone-responsible-for-the-health-care-of-the-people-it-is-therefore-necessary-to-urgently-shift-the-focus-from-the-hospital-oriented-and-curative-approach-to-preventive-and-promotive-health-oriented-approach-to-curtail-the-mad-rush-to-hospitals-and-specialist-care-centres-in-the-cities-it-is-necessary-to-launch-mass-education-to-establish-regard-for-the-preventive-and-promotive-aspects-for-cleaner-and-healthier-living-and-for-the-utilization-of-the-traditional-home-remedies-for-the-cure-of-common-ailments-before-they-assume-chronic-proportion-as-part-of-health-development-progammes-the-states-must-make-efforts-to-popularize-indian-systems-of-medicine-like-ayurveda-siddha-unani-naturopathy-and-homeopathy-restoration-of-the-traditional-system-would-help-reduce-over-dependence-on-drugs-and-medical-equipment-which-devour-a-large-percentage-of-expenditure-on-health-further-the-states-may-initiate-developing-medical-cooperatives-like-the-ones-in-china-medical-cooperatives-in-china-reflect-the-trend-of-socialization-in-the-development-of-health-care-services-improving-the-efficiency-of-theutilization-of-health-care-resources-as-well-as-the-technical-level-of-health-care-services-and-quality-of-treatment-public-hospitals-and-dispensaries-which-account-for-the-substantial-part-of-health-care-in-india-are-often-inefficient-suffering-from-highly-centralized-decision-making-wide-fluctuations-in-budgetary-allocations-and-poor-motivation-of-health-care-personnel-the-most-critical-and-corrective-action-will-be-needed-at-the-political-level-to-ensure-rejuvenation-of-the-key-institutions-linked-with-education-training-and-research-on-public-health-positions-and-restricting-the-role-of-the-generalist-administrators-in-the-practice-of-public-health-in-india-question-according-to-the-passage-what-is-the-benefit-of-indian-systems-of-medicines-1-they-are-cheaper-and-convenient-2-there-will-be-less-dependence-on-the-english-system-of-medicines-3-government-will-be-saving-good-amount-of-money-choose-the-correct-option-from-the-codes-given-below
Passage: Today the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on the raw materials and components ranges from 40% to 85%. The story does not here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% to 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., central sales tax or state sales taxes which range from 4% to 16%. This much for the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging upto 22%, as against 4%-7% prevailing in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India’s machine tools builder have to pay for components is more or less based in pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of Indian machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India’s machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody’s case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is that the industry requests from the Government it wants level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the points of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Govt’s consideration and understanding. Question: Which of the following is the principal focus for the content of the passage?
passage-today-the-import-duty-on-a-complete-machine-is-35-for-all-practical-purposes-whereas-the-import-duty-on-the-raw-materials-and-components-ranges-from-40-to-85-the-story-does-not-here-after-paying-such-high-import-duties-on-components-once-a-machine-is-made-it-suffers-excise-duty-from-5-to-10-including-on-the-customs-duty-already-paid-at-the-time-of-sale-the-machine-tools-suffer-further-taxation-ie-central-sales-tax-or-state-sales-taxes-which-range-from-4-to-16-this-much-for-the-tax-angle-another-factor-which-pushes-the-cost-of-manufacture-of-machine-tools-is-the-very-high-rate-of-interest-payable-to-banks-ranging-upto-22-as-against-4-7-prevailing-in-advanced-countries-the-production-of-machine-tools-in-india-being-not-of-the-same-scale-as-it-is-in-other-countries-the-price-which-indias-machine-tools-builder-have-to-pay-for-components-is-more-or-less-based-in-pattern-of-high-pricing-applicable-to-the-prices-of-spares-the-above-represents-only-a-few-of-the-extraneous-reasons-for-the-high-cost-of-indian-machines-the-machine-tool-industry-in-india-has-an-enviable-record-of-very-quick-technology-absorption-assimilation-and-development-there-are-a-number-of-success-stories-about-how-machine-tool-builders-were-of-help-at-the-most-critical-times-it-will-be-a-pity-in-fact-a-tragedy-if-we-allow-this-industry-to-die-and-disappear-from-the-scene-it-is-to-be-noted-that-india-is-at-least-6000-km-away-from-any-dependable-source-of-supply-of-machine-tools-the-government-of-india-has-always-given-a-great-deal-of-importance-to-the-development-of-small-scale-and-medium-scale-industries-this-industry-has-also-performed-pretty-well-today-they-are-in-need-of-help-from-indias-machine-tool-industry-to-enable-them-to-produce-quality-components-at-reduced-costs-is-it-anybodys-case-that-the-needs-of-this-fragile-sector-which-needs-tender-care-will-be-met-from-6000-km-away-then-what-is-that-the-industry-requests-from-the-government-it-wants-level-playing-field-in-fact-all-of-us-must-have-a-deep-introspection-and-recognize-the-fact-that-the-machine-tool-industry-has-a-very-special-place-in-the-country-from-the-points-of-strategic-and-vital-interests-of-the-nation-most-important-it-requests-for-the-govts-consideration-and-understanding-question-which-of-the-following-is-the-principal-focus-for-the-content-of-the-passage
Passage: Today the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on the raw materials and components ranges from 40% to 85%. The story does not here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% to 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., central sales tax or state sales taxes which range from 4% to 16%. This much for the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging upto 22%, as against 4%-7% prevailing in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India’s machine tools builder have to pay for components is more or less based in pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of Indian machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India’s machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody’s case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is that the industry requests from the Government it wants level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the points of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Govt’s consideration and understanding. Question: Why do small and medium scale industries look for help from India’s machine tool industry?
passage-today-the-import-duty-on-a-complete-machine-is-35-for-all-practical-purposes-whereas-the-import-duty-on-the-raw-materials-and-components-ranges-from-40-to-85-the-story-does-not-here-after-paying-such-high-import-duties-on-components-once-a-machine-is-made-it-suffers-excise-duty-from-5-to-10-including-on-the-customs-duty-already-paid-at-the-time-of-sale-the-machine-tools-suffer-further-taxation-ie-central-sales-tax-or-state-sales-taxes-which-range-from-4-to-16-this-much-for-the-tax-angle-another-factor-which-pushes-the-cost-of-manufacture-of-machine-tools-is-the-very-high-rate-of-interest-payable-to-banks-ranging-upto-22-as-against-4-7-prevailing-in-advanced-countries-the-production-of-machine-tools-in-india-being-not-of-the-same-scale-as-it-is-in-other-countries-the-price-which-indias-machine-tools-builder-have-to-pay-for-components-is-more-or-less-based-in-pattern-of-high-pricing-applicable-to-the-prices-of-spares-the-above-represents-only-a-few-of-the-extraneous-reasons-for-the-high-cost-of-indian-machines-the-machine-tool-industry-in-india-has-an-enviable-record-of-very-quick-technology-absorption-assimilation-and-development-there-are-a-number-of-success-stories-about-how-machine-tool-builders-were-of-help-at-the-most-critical-times-it-will-be-a-pity-in-fact-a-tragedy-if-we-allow-this-industry-to-die-and-disappear-from-the-scene-it-is-to-be-noted-that-india-is-at-least-6000-km-away-from-any-dependable-source-of-supply-of-machine-tools-the-government-of-india-has-always-given-a-great-deal-of-importance-to-the-development-of-small-scale-and-medium-scale-industries-this-industry-has-also-performed-pretty-well-today-they-are-in-need-of-help-from-indias-machine-tool-industry-to-enable-them-to-produce-quality-components-at-reduced-costs-is-it-anybodys-case-that-the-needs-of-this-fragile-sector-which-needs-tender-care-will-be-met-from-6000-km-away-then-what-is-that-the-industry-requests-from-the-government-it-wants-level-playing-field-in-fact-all-of-us-must-have-a-deep-introspection-and-recognize-the-fact-that-the-machine-tool-industry-has-a-very-special-place-in-the-country-from-the-points-of-strategic-and-vital-interests-of-the-nation-most-important-it-requests-for-the-govts-consideration-and-understanding-question-why-do-small-and-medium-scale-industries-look-for-help-from-indias-machine-tool-industry
Passage: Today the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on the raw materials and components ranges from 40% to 85%. The story does not here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% to 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., central sales tax or state sales taxes which range from 4% to 16%. This much for the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging upto 22%, as against 4%-7% prevailing in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India’s machine tools builder have to pay for components is more or less based in pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of Indian machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India’s machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody’s case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is that the industry requests from the Government it wants level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the points of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Govt’s consideration and understanding. Question: Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the content of the passage?
passage-today-the-import-duty-on-a-complete-machine-is-35-for-all-practical-purposes-whereas-the-import-duty-on-the-raw-materials-and-components-ranges-from-40-to-85-the-story-does-not-here-after-paying-such-high-import-duties-on-components-once-a-machine-is-made-it-suffers-excise-duty-from-5-to-10-including-on-the-customs-duty-already-paid-at-the-time-of-sale-the-machine-tools-suffer-further-taxation-ie-central-sales-tax-or-state-sales-taxes-which-range-from-4-to-16-this-much-for-the-tax-angle-another-factor-which-pushes-the-cost-of-manufacture-of-machine-tools-is-the-very-high-rate-of-interest-payable-to-banks-ranging-upto-22-as-against-4-7-prevailing-in-advanced-countries-the-production-of-machine-tools-in-india-being-not-of-the-same-scale-as-it-is-in-other-countries-the-price-which-indias-machine-tools-builder-have-to-pay-for-components-is-more-or-less-based-in-pattern-of-high-pricing-applicable-to-the-prices-of-spares-the-above-represents-only-a-few-of-the-extraneous-reasons-for-the-high-cost-of-indian-machines-the-machine-tool-industry-in-india-has-an-enviable-record-of-very-quick-technology-absorption-assimilation-and-development-there-are-a-number-of-success-stories-about-how-machine-tool-builders-were-of-help-at-the-most-critical-times-it-will-be-a-pity-in-fact-a-tragedy-if-we-allow-this-industry-to-die-and-disappear-from-the-scene-it-is-to-be-noted-that-india-is-at-least-6000-km-away-from-any-dependable-source-of-supply-of-machine-tools-the-government-of-india-has-always-given-a-great-deal-of-importance-to-the-development-of-small-scale-and-medium-scale-industries-this-industry-has-also-performed-pretty-well-today-they-are-in-need-of-help-from-indias-machine-tool-industry-to-enable-them-to-produce-quality-components-at-reduced-costs-is-it-anybodys-case-that-the-needs-of-this-fragile-sector-which-needs-tender-care-will-be-met-from-6000-km-away-then-what-is-that-the-industry-requests-from-the-government-it-wants-level-playing-field-in-fact-all-of-us-must-have-a-deep-introspection-and-recognize-the-fact-that-the-machine-tool-industry-has-a-very-special-place-in-the-country-from-the-points-of-strategic-and-vital-interests-of-the-nation-most-important-it-requests-for-the-govts-consideration-and-understanding-question-which-of-the-following-inferences-can-be-drawn-from-the-content-of-the-passage
Passage: Today the import duty on a complete machine is 35% for all practical purposes, whereas the import duty on the raw materials and components ranges from 40% to 85%. The story does not here. After paying such high import duties on components, once a machine is made, it suffers excise duty from 5% to 10% (including on the customs duty already paid). At the time of sale, the machine tools suffer further taxation, i.e., central sales tax or state sales taxes which range from 4% to 16%. This much for the tax angle. Another factor which pushes the cost of manufacture of machine tools is the very high rate of interest payable to banks ranging upto 22%, as against 4%-7% prevailing in advanced countries. The production of machine tools in India being not of the same scale as it is in other countries, the price which India’s machine tools builder have to pay for components is more or less based in pattern of high pricing applicable to the prices of spares. The above represents only a few of the extraneous reasons for the high cost of Indian machines. The machine tool industry in India has an enviable record of very quick technology absorption, assimilation and development. There are a number of success stories about how machine tool builders were of help at the most critical times. It will be a pity, in fact a tragedy, if we allow this industry to die and disappear from the scene. It is to be noted that India is at least 6000 km away from any dependable source of supply of machine tools. The Government of India has always given a great deal of importance to the development of small scale and medium scale industries. This industry has also performed pretty well. Today, they are in need of help from India’s machine tool industry to enable them to produce quality components at reduced costs. Is it anybody’s case that the needs of this fragile sector (which needs tender care) will be met from 6000 km away? Then, what is that the industry requests from the Government it wants level playing field. In fact, all of us must have a deep introspection and recognize the fact that the machine tool industry has a very special place in the country from the points of strategic and vital interests of the nation. Most important, it requests for the Govt’s consideration and understanding. Question: According to the passage, assembling imported components into machine proves ultimately
passage-today-the-import-duty-on-a-complete-machine-is-35-for-all-practical-purposes-whereas-the-import-duty-on-the-raw-materials-and-components-ranges-from-40-to-85-the-story-does-not-here-after-paying-such-high-import-duties-on-components-once-a-machine-is-made-it-suffers-excise-duty-from-5-to-10-including-on-the-customs-duty-already-paid-at-the-time-of-sale-the-machine-tools-suffer-further-taxation-ie-central-sales-tax-or-state-sales-taxes-which-range-from-4-to-16-this-much-for-the-tax-angle-another-factor-which-pushes-the-cost-of-manufacture-of-machine-tools-is-the-very-high-rate-of-interest-payable-to-banks-ranging-upto-22-as-against-4-7-prevailing-in-advanced-countries-the-production-of-machine-tools-in-india-being-not-of-the-same-scale-as-it-is-in-other-countries-the-price-which-indias-machine-tools-builder-have-to-pay-for-components-is-more-or-less-based-in-pattern-of-high-pricing-applicable-to-the-prices-of-spares-the-above-represents-only-a-few-of-the-extraneous-reasons-for-the-high-cost-of-indian-machines-the-machine-tool-industry-in-india-has-an-enviable-record-of-very-quick-technology-absorption-assimilation-and-development-there-are-a-number-of-success-stories-about-how-machine-tool-builders-were-of-help-at-the-most-critical-times-it-will-be-a-pity-in-fact-a-tragedy-if-we-allow-this-industry-to-die-and-disappear-from-the-scene-it-is-to-be-noted-that-india-is-at-least-6000-km-away-from-any-dependable-source-of-supply-of-machine-tools-the-government-of-india-has-always-given-a-great-deal-of-importance-to-the-development-of-small-scale-and-medium-scale-industries-this-industry-has-also-performed-pretty-well-today-they-are-in-need-of-help-from-indias-machine-tool-industry-to-enable-them-to-produce-quality-components-at-reduced-costs-is-it-anybodys-case-that-the-needs-of-this-fragile-sector-which-needs-tender-care-will-be-met-from-6000-km-away-then-what-is-that-the-industry-requests-from-the-government-it-wants-level-playing-field-in-fact-all-of-us-must-have-a-deep-introspection-and-recognize-the-fact-that-the-machine-tool-industry-has-a-very-special-place-in-the-country-from-the-points-of-strategic-and-vital-interests-of-the-nation-most-important-it-requests-for-the-govts-consideration-and-understanding-question-according-to-the-passage-assembling-imported-components-into-machine-proves-ultimately
